Editing Jakarta (section)

==Geography==
{{main|Greater Jakarta}}
Jakarta covers {{cvt|661.23|km2|}}, the smallest among any [[Provinces of Indonesia|Indonesian provinces]]. However, its metropolitan area covers {{cvt|6,392|km2|}}, which extends into the two bordering provinces of [[West Java]] and [[Banten]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bps.go.id/aboutus.php?hasilSP2010=1 |title=Publikasi Provinsi dan Kabupaten Hasil Sementara SP2010 |publisher=Bps.go.id |access-date=7 June 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101013091507/http://www.bps.go.id/aboutus.php?hasilSP2010=1 |archive-date=13 October 2010}}</ref> The [[Jabodetabek|Greater Jakarta]] area includes three bordering regencies ([[Bekasi Regency]], [[Tangerang Regency]] and [[Bogor Regency]]) and five adjacent cities ([[Bogor]], [[Depok]], [[Bekasi]], [[Tangerang]] and [[South Tangerang]]).

[[File:Festival beach Ancol Jakarta.jpg|thumb|[[Ancol]] beach in [[Jakarta Bay]]]]
Jakarta is situated on the northwest coast of [[Java]], at the mouth of the [[Ciliwung River]] on [[Jakarta Bay]], an inlet of the [[Java Sea]]. It is strategically located near the [[Sunda Strait]]. The northern part of Jakarta is plain land, some areas of which are below sea level,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://jakartaglobe.beritasatu.com/archive/the-tides-efforts-never-end-to-repel-an-invading-sea/ |title=The Tides: Efforts Never End to Repel an Invading Sea |work=Jakarta Globe |access-date=15 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151117024056/http://jakartaglobe.beritasatu.com/archive/the-tides-efforts-never-end-to-repel-an-invading-sea/ |archive-date=17 November 2015 |url-status=dead}}</ref> and subject to frequent flooding. The southern parts of the city are hilly. It is one of only two Asian capital cities located in the southern hemisphere (along with [[East Timor]]'s [[Dili]]). Officially, the area of the Jakarta Special District is {{cvt|661.23|km2|0}} of land area and {{cvt|6977|km2|0}} of sea area.<ref>Based on Governor Decree 2007, No. 171. taken from Statistics DKI Jakarta Provincial Office, ''Jakarta in Figures'', 2008, BPS, the province of [[Daerah Khusus Ibukota Jakarta|DKI]] Jakarta</ref> The [[Thousand Islands (Indonesia)|Thousand Islands]], which are administratively a part of Jakarta, are located in Jakarta Bay, north of the city.

Jakarta lies in a low and flat [[alluvial plain]], ranging from {{cvt|-2|to|91|m|0}} with an average elevation of {{cvt|8|m|0}} [[above mean sea level|above sea level]] with historically extensive swampy areas. Some parts of the city have been constructed on reclaimed tidal flats that occur around the area.{{sfn|Murray|Clemens|Phinn|Possingham|2014|pp=267–72}} Thirteen rivers flow through Jakarta. They are [[Ciliwung River]], Kalibaru, [[Pesanggrahan River|Pesanggrahan]], [[Cipinang River|Cipinang]], [[Angke River|Angke]], Maja, Mookervart, Krukut, Buaran, West Tarum, Cakung, Petukangan, [[Sunter River]] and [[Grogol River]].<ref>{{cite news |last=Simanjuntak |first=T. P. Moan |title=Maja River in Pegadungan Strewn with Water Hyacinth and Mud |date=16 July 2014 |newspaper=Berita Resmi Pemprov |url=http://beritajakarta.com/en/read/2632/Maja_River_in_Pegadungan_Strewn_with_Water_Hyacinth_and_Mud |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150318155453/http://beritajakarta.com/en/read/2632/Maja_River_in_Pegadungan_Strewn_with_Water_Hyacinth_and_Mud |archive-date=18 March 2015 |url-status=dead |access-date=30 June 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Elyda |first=Corry |title=BPK slams city's efforts to manage liquid waste |date=27 December 2014 |newspaper=The Jakarta Post |url=http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2014/12/27/bpk-slams-city-s-efforts-manage-liquid-waste.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402191855/http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2014/12/27/bpk-slams-city-s-efforts-manage-liquid-waste.html |archive-date=2 April 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref> They flow from the [[Puncak]] highlands to the south of the city, then across the city northwards towards the Java Sea. The [[Ciliwung River]] divides the city into the western and eastern districts. These rivers, combined with the wet season rains and insufficient drainage due to clogging, make Jakarta prone to [[Flooding in Jakarta|flooding]].

Moreover, Jakarta is sinking about {{cvt|5|to|10|cm|abbr=off}} each year, and up to {{cvt|20|cm|abbr=off}} in the northern coastal areas. After a feasibility study, a ring [[Levee|dyke]] known as [[Giant Sea Wall Jakarta]] is under construction around Jakarta Bay to help cope with the threat from the sea. The dyke will be equipped with a pumping system and retention areas to defend against seawater and function as a toll road. The project is expected to be completed by 2025.<ref>{{cite news |last=Hendrix |first=Esmeralda |url=http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2011/07/27/dutch-study-new-dike-jakarta-bay.html |title=Dutch to study new dike for Jakarta Bay |access-date=27 July 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120118120615/http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2011/07/27/dutch-study-new-dike-jakarta-bay.html |archive-date=18 January 2012 |url-status=live}}</ref> In January 2014, the central government agreed to build two dams in Ciawi, Bogor and a {{cvt|1.2|km|mi|adj=on|abbr=off}} tunnel from [[Ciliwung River]] to [[Cisadane River]] to ease flooding in the city.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thejakartaglobe.com/news/jakarta/new-ciliwung-river-dams-planned-as-jakarta-struggles-with-latest-floods/ |title=New Ciliwung River Dams Planned as Jakarta Struggles With Latest Floods |date=20 January 2014 |access-date=5 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150925103037/http://www.thejakartaglobe.com/news/jakarta/new-ciliwung-river-dams-planned-as-jakarta-struggles-with-latest-floods/ |archive-date=25 September 2015 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Nowadays, a {{cvt|1.2|km|mi|adj=on|abbr=off}}, with capacity {{cvt|60|m3|abbr=off}} per second, underground water tunnel between Ciliwung River and the East Flood Canal is being worked on to ease the Ciliwung River overflows.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2014/05/20/jatinegara-residents-complain-about-underground-tunnel-project.html |title=Jatinegara residents complain about underground tunnel project |access-date=24 April 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150925134331/http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2014/05/20/jatinegara-residents-complain-about-underground-tunnel-project.html |archive-date=25 September 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref> In 2023, the [[The New York Times|New York Times]] reported that in some places Jakarta is sinking up to 12 inches (30&nbsp;cm) annually.<ref name="NYT-2023">{{cite news |last1=Leonhardt |first1=David |title=The Plan to Build a New Capital |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/05/17/briefing/java-jakarta-capital-move-flooding.html |access-date=17 May 2023 |work=The New York Times |date=17 May 2023}}</ref>

Environmental advocates point out that subsidence is driven by the extraction of groundwater, much of it illegal. Furthermore, the government's lack of strict regulation amplifies the issue as many recently built high-rise buildings, corporations, and factories around Jakarta opt for illegally extracting groundwater. In fact, in a recent inspection of 80 buildings in Jalan Thamrin, a busy road lined with skyscrapers and shopping malls, 56 buildings had a groundwater pump, and 33 were pumping groundwater illegally.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Mei Lin |first1=Mayuri |title=Jakarta, the fastest-sinking city in the world |work=BBC News |date=12 August 2018 |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-44636934 |access-date=30 March 2023}}</ref> This could be halted by stopping extraction (as the city of Tokyo has done), increasing efficiency, and finding other sources for water use. Moreover, increasing regulation through higher taxes or limiting groundwater pumping has proven to help cities like Shanghai, Tokyo, and San Jose relieve their subsidence issue.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Holzer |first1=Thomas L. |last2=Johnson |first2=A. Ivan |title=Land subsidence caused by groundwater withdrawal in urban areas |journal=GeoJournal |year=1985 |volume=11 |issue=3 |page=245 |doi=10.1007/BF00186338 |bibcode=1985GeoJo..11..245H |s2cid=189888566 |url=https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF00186338 |access-date=30 March 2023|issn=0343-2521 }}</ref> The rivers of Jakarta are highly polluted and currently unsuitable for drinking water.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://cknet-ina.org/activities/read/jakarta-the-fastest-sinking-city-in-the-world/401 |title=Jakarta, the fastest-sinking city in the world |date=16 August 2018 |access-date=27 April 2021 |archive-date=27 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210427012946/http://cknet-ina.org/activities/read/jakarta-the-fastest-sinking-city-in-the-world/401 |url-status=live }}</ref>

Jakarta, faces significant [[air pollution]], particularly during the dry season from August to December. Dry air during this period allows pollutants to remain suspended in the atmosphere for extended periods, contributing to poor air quality.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://apnews.com/article/indonesia-jakarta-air-pollution-dry-season-vehicles-ef97483d1c3de48207619562635710c2|title=Jakarta is the world's most polluted city. Blame the dry season and vehicles for the gray skies|date=11 August 2023 |publisher=AP News|access-date=14 July 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thejakartapost.com/indonesia/2023/06/09/jakarta-air-pollution-worsens-little-progress-after-2021-ruling.html|title=Jakarta air pollution worsens, little progress after 2021 ruling|publisher= The Jakarta Post|access-date=26 January 2024}}</ref>

===Climate===
[[File:Rainy Jakarta.jpg|thumb|170px|[[Drizzling]] in Jakarta]]
Jakarta experiences a [[tropical monsoon climate]] ([[Köppen climate classification|Köppen]]: ''Am'') as classified by the system. The city's [[wet season]] spans most of the year, from October to May. The [[dry season]] lasts from June to September, with each of these months receiving less than {{convert|100|mm|1}} of rainfall on average. Situated in the western part of Java, Jakarta sees its highest rainfall in January and February, averaging {{convert|299.7|mm|1}} per month, while the driest month is August, with an average rainfall of {{convert|43.2|mm|1}}.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://waterindonesiaexpo.com/visiting/travel/general-information/|title=General Information|publisher=Water Indonesia|access-date=16 July 2024|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240716145139/https://waterindonesiaexpo.com/visiting/travel/general-information/|archive-date=16 July 2024}}</ref>

Every year faces recurring issues, such as [[floods]] and [[thunderstorms]]. A [[Upper tropospheric cyclonic vortex|cyclonic vortex]] leads to moisture convergence over a large area, including western Java Island. Additionally, this vortex causes a mainly meridional monsoon flow, where near-surface winds blow almost perfectly from north to south over West Java. The impact of these predominant northerly winds hitting the rugged topography in southern West Java likely contributes to the increased convection that causes floods in Jakarta.<ref>{{cite web|title=Monsoon Effect at Flood Phenomena on 2002 and 2007 in DKI-Jakarta|url=http://eprints.undip.ac.id/2067/1/Monsoon_Effect_at_Flood_Phenomena_on_2002_and_2007_in_DKI-Jakarta.pdf|website=UNDIP INSTITUTIONAL REPOSITORY|access-date=22 November 2012|archive-date=22 November 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121122074409/http://eprints.undip.ac.id/2067/1/Monsoon_Effect_at_Flood_Phenomena_on_2002_and_2007_in_DKI-Jakarta.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>

Average temperatures are very high with moderate rainfall. During the day, the temperature usually hovers around {{convert|32|°C|°F|1|abbr=on}} but drops to about {{convert|24|°C|°F|1|abbr=on}} in the evening. These are average temperatures, and some days can be hotter. It's advisable to dress appropriately to handle the heat. January is the rainiest month, with over {{convert|300|mm|1}} of precipitation, whereas August is the driest, with around {{convert|45|mm|1}} of rainfall. The average temperature in the coldest month (February) is {{convert|27|°C|°F|1|abbr=on}}, and in the warmest month (October), it is {{convert|28|°C|°F|1|abbr=on}}. Sea temperatures range from {{convert|26.5|°C|°F|1|abbr=on}} in August to {{convert|29.5|°C|°F|1|abbr=on}} in March, April, November, and December.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://weather-and-climate.com/Jakarta-June-averages|title=Jakarta weather in June (Jakarta Province, Indonesia)|publisher=Weather & Climate|access-date=20 July 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.climatestotravel.com/climate/indonesia/jakarta|title=Weather and climate in Jakarta (Indonesia)|publisher= Climates to travel|access-date=20 June 2023|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230122050301/https://www.climatestotravel.com/climate/indonesia/jakarta|archive-date=22 January 2023}}</ref> Record low temperatures in Jakarta recorded {{convert|18.9|°C|°F|1|abbr=on}}, while the highest record reached {{convert|37.9|°C|°F|1|abbr=on}}.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.mherrera.org/temp.htm|title=Extreme temperatures around the world|publisher=Maximiliano Herrera's Human Rights Site|access-date=20 July 2016}}</ref>
{{Weather box
|location= downtown Jakarta ([[Kemayoran]]) (1991–2020 normals)
|metric first=yes
|single line=yes
|Jan record high C=36.9
|Feb record high C=35.8
|Mar record high C=36.0
|Apr record high C=35.9
|May record high C=36.1
|Jun record high C=36.3
|Jul record high C=35.6
|Aug record high C=35.6
|Sep record high C=37.1
|Oct record high C=37.9
|Nov record high C=37.1
|Dec record high C=36.7
|Jan record low C=20.6
|Feb record low C=20.6
|Mar record low C=20.6
|Apr record low C=20.6
|May record low C=21.1
|Jun record low C=19.4
|Jul record low C=19.4
|Aug record low C=19.4
|Sep record low C=18.9
|Oct record low C=20.6
|Nov record low C=20.0
|Dec record low C=19.4
|Jan high C =  31.0
|Feb high C =  30.8
|Mar high C =  32.1
|Apr high C =  32.8
|May high C =  33.2
|Jun high C =  32.9
|Jul high C =  32.7
|Aug high C =  33.0
|Sep high C =  33.4
|Oct high C =  33.4
|Nov high C =  32.8
|Dec high C =  32.0
| year high C =  32.5
|Jan mean C =  27.5
|Feb mean C =  27.3
|Mar mean C =  28.0
|Apr mean C =  28.4
|May mean C =  28.7
|Jun mean C =  28.4
|Jul mean C =  28.2
|Aug mean C =  28.3
|Sep mean C =  28.6
|Oct mean C =  28.8
|Nov mean C =  28.4
|Dec mean C =  28.0
| year mean C =  28.2
|Jan low C =  25.2
|Feb low C =  25.2
|Mar low C =  25.5
|Apr low C =  25.6
|May low C =  25.8
|Jun low C =  25.5
|Jul low C =  25.3
|Aug low C =  25.3
|Sep low C =  25.5
|Oct low C =  25.6
|Nov low C =  25.6
|Dec low C =  25.5
| year low C =  25.5
|precipitation colour = green
|Jan precipitation mm =  373.3
|Feb precipitation mm =  381.4
|Mar precipitation mm =  210.4
|Apr precipitation mm =  164.1
|May precipitation mm =  103.2
|Jun precipitation mm =  80.4
|Jul precipitation mm =  77.7
|Aug precipitation mm =  51.5
|Sep precipitation mm =  61.0
|Oct precipitation mm =  112.2
|Nov precipitation mm =  134.8
|Dec precipitation mm =  183.3
| year precipitation mm =  1933.3
| unit precipitation days = 1.0 mm
|Jan precipitation days =  17.5
|Feb precipitation days =  17.9
|Mar precipitation days =  14.1
|Apr precipitation days =  11.5
|May precipitation days =  8.2
|Jun precipitation days =  6.2
|Jul precipitation days =  4.8
|Aug precipitation days =  3.3
|Sep precipitation days =  4.0
|Oct precipitation days =  7.4
|Nov precipitation days =  10.4
|Dec precipitation days =  12.8
|year precipitation days =  118.1
|Jan humidity=85
|Feb humidity=85
|Mar humidity=83
|Apr humidity=82
|May humidity=82
|Jun humidity=81
|Jul humidity=78
|Aug humidity=76
|Sep humidity=75
|Oct humidity=77
|Nov humidity=81
|Dec humidity=82
|year humidity=81
|Jan sun = 139.5
|Feb sun = 138.3
|Mar sun = 189.1
|Apr sun = 216.0
|May sun = 220.1
|Jun sun = 219.0
|Jul sun = 229.4
|Aug sun = 235.6
|Sep sun = 225.0
|Oct sun = 207.7
|Nov sun = 180.0
|Dec sun = 148.8
|year sun = 	
|Jand sun = 4.5
|Febd sun = 5.2
|Mard sun = 6.1
|Aprd sun = 7.2
|Mayd sun = 7.1
|Jund sun = 7.3
|Juld sun = 7.4
|Augd sun = 7.6
|Sepd sun = 7.5
|Octd sun = 6.7
|Novd sun = 6.0
|Decd sun = 4.8
|yeard sun =	
| source 1 = [[World Meteorological Organization]]<ref name=WMO>{{cite web
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20231019195817/https://www.nodc.noaa.gov/archive/arc0216/0253808/1.1/data/0-data/Region-5-WMO-Normals-9120/Indonesia/CSV/StasiunMeteorologiKemayoran_96745.csv
| archive-date = 19 October 2023
| url = https://www.nodc.noaa.gov/archive/arc0216/0253808/1.1/data/0-data/Region-5-WMO-Normals-9120/Indonesia/CSV/StasiunMeteorologiKemayoran_96745.csv
| title = World Meteorological Organization Climate Normals for 1991–2020
| work = World Meteorological Organization Climatological Standard Normals (1991–2020)
| publisher = National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
| access-date = 19 October 2023}}</ref>
|source 2=Sistema de Clasificación Bioclimática Mundial,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.globalbioclimatics.org/station/in-halim.htm |title=Indonesia – Halim Perdanakus |publisher=Centro de Investigaciones Fitosociológicas |access-date=26 June 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210614155103/http://www.globalbioclimatics.org/station/in-halim.htm |archive-date=14 June 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref> [[Danish Meteorological Institute]] (humidity),<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dmi.dk/dmi/tr01-17.pdf |title=Stations Number 96745 |publisher=Ministry of Energy, Utilities and Climate |access-date=26 June 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130116071752/http://www.dmi.dk/dmi/tr01-17.pdf |archive-date=16 January 2013}}</ref> [[Deutscher Wetterdienst]] (daily sun 1889–1921)<ref name = DWD>
{{cite web |url=https://www.dwd.de/DWD/klima/beratung/ak/ak_967450_kt.pdf |title=Klimatafel von Jakarta (Stadt, Obs.), West-Java / Indonesien|work=Baseline climate means (1961–1990) from stations all over the world |publisher=Deutscher Wetterdienst |language=de| access-date = 10 November 2024}}</ref>
}}
{|style="width:100%;text-align:center;line-height:1.2em;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto" class="wikitable mw-collapsible"
|-
!Colspan=14|Climate data for Jakarta
|-
!Month
!Jan
!Feb
!Mar
!Apr
!May
!Jun
!Jul
!Aug
!Sep
!Oct
!Nov
!Dec
!style="border-left-width:medium"|Year
|-
!Average sea temperature °C (°F)
|style="background:#FF2700;color:#FFFFFF;"|28.0<br />(82.0)
|style="background:#FF2700;color:#FFFFFF;"|28.0<br />(82.0)
|style="background:#FF1300;color:#FFFFFF;"|29.0<br />(84.0)
|style="background:#FF0000;color:#FFFFFF;"|30.0<br />(86.0)
|style="background:#FF0000;color:#FFFFFF;"|30.0<br />(86.0)
|style="background:#FF1300;color:#FFFFFF;"|29.0<br />(84.0)
|style="background:#FF1300;color:#FFFFFF;"|29.0<br />(84.0)
|style="background:#FF1300;color:#FFFFFF;"|29.0<br />(84.0)
|style="background:#FF1300;color:#FFFFFF;"|29.0<br />(84.0)
|style="background:#FF1300;color:#FFFFFF;"|29.0<br />(84.0)
|style="background:#FF1300;color:#FFFFFF;"|29.0<br />(84.0)
|style="background:#FF1300;color:#FFFFFF;"|29.0<br />(84.0)
|style="background:#FF1300;color:#FFFFFF;border-left-width:medium"|29.0<br />(84.0)
|-
!Mean daily daylight hours
|style="background:#FFFF33;color:#000000;"|12.0
|style="background:#FFFF33;color:#000000;"|12.0
|style="background:#FFFF33;color:#000000;"|12.0
|style="background:#FFFF33;color:#000000;"|12.0
|style="background:#FFFF33;color:#000000;"|12.0
|style="background:#FFFF33;color:#000000;"|12.0
|style="background:#FFFF33;color:#000000;"|12.0
|style="background:#FFFF33;color:#000000;"|12.0
|style="background:#FFFF33;color:#000000;"|12.0
|style="background:#FFFF33;color:#000000;"|12.0
|style="background:#FFFF33;color:#000000;"|12.0
|style="background:#FFFF33;color:#000000;"|12.0
|style="background:#FFFF33;color:#000000;border-left-width:medium"|12.0
|-
!Average [[Ultraviolet index]]
|style="background:#6b49c8;color:#000000;"|13
|style="background:#6b49c8;color:#000000;"|13
|style="background:#6b49c8;color:#000000;"|13
|style="background:#6b49c8;color:#000000;"|13
|style="background:#6b49c8;color:#000000;"|11
|style="background:#d8001d;color:#000000;"|10
|style="background:#d8001d;color:#000000;"|10
|style="background:#6b49c8;color:#000000;"|12
|style="background:#6b49c8;color:#000000;"|13
|style="background:#6b49c8;color:#000000;"|13
|style="background:#6b49c8;color:#000000;"|13
|style="background:#6b49c8;color:#000000;"|13
|style="background:#6b49c8;color:#000000;border-left-width:medium"|12
|-
!Colspan=14 style="background:#f8f9fa;font-weight:normal;font-size:95%;"|Source: Weather Atlas<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.weather-atlas.com/en/indonesia/jakarta-climate |title=Jakarta, Indonesia – Monthly weather forecast and Climate data |publisher=Weather Atlas |access-date=8 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190209180027/https://www.weather-atlas.com/en/indonesia/jakarta-climate |archive-date=9 February 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref>
|}