Editing Jacobitism (section)

=== Scotland ===
Scottish Jacobitism had wider and more extensive roots than in England. 20,000 Scots fought for the Jacobites in 1715, compared to 11,000 who joined the government army, and were the majority of the 9,000 to 14,000 who served in 1745.{{sfn|Szechi|1994|p=77}} One reason was the persistence of feudalism in parts of rural Scotland, where tenants could be compelled to provide their landlords with military service. Many of the Highland [[Scottish clans|clansmen]] who were a feature of Jacobite armies were raised this way: in all three major risings, the bulk of the rank and file were supplied by a small number of north-western clans whose leaders joined the rebellion.{{sfn|McCann|1963|p=20}}

[[File:Lord George Murray.jpg|thumb|right|upright=0.8|Jacobite commander [[Lord George Murray (general)|George Murray]]; a pro-Union, anti-Hanoverian Scot who fought in the 1715, 1719 and 1745 Risings but loathed Prince Charles, he encapsulated the many contradictions of Jacobite support]]

Despite this, many Jacobites were Protestant Lowlanders, rather than the Catholic, Gaelic-speaking Highlanders of legend.{{sfn|Pittock|1998|p=135}} By 1745, fewer than 1% of Scots were Catholic, restricted to the far north-west and a few noble families.{{sfn|Hamilton|1963|p=4}} The majority of the rank and file, as well as many Jacobite leaders, belonged to Protestant non-juring Episcopalian congregations.{{sfn|Szechi|1994|p=67}} Throughout the 17th century, the close connection between Scottish politics and religion meant [[regime change]]s were accompanied by the losers being expelled from the [[Church of Scotland]]. In [[Glorious Revolution in Scotland#Religious settlement|1690]], over 200 clergymen lost their parishes, mostly in [[Aberdeenshire]] and [[Banffshire]], a strongly Episcopalian area since the 1620s. In 1745, around 25% of Jacobite recruits came from this part of the country.{{sfn|Pittock|1998|p=99}}

Episcopalianism was popular among social conservatives, as it emphasised indefeasible hereditary right, absolute obedience, and implied deposition of the senior Stuart line was a breach of natural order.{{sfn|Macinnes|2007|p=235}} The church continued to offer prayers for the Stuarts until 1788, while many refused to swear allegiance to the Hanoverians in 1714.{{sfn|Strong|2002|p=15}} However, even in 1690, a substantial minority accommodated to the new regime, a number that increased significantly after the establishment of the [[Scottish Episcopal Church]] in 1712.{{sfn|Szechi|1994|pp=19–20}}

Episcopalian ministers, such as Professor James Garden of Aberdeen, presented the 1707 Union as one in a series of disasters to befall Scotland, provoked by "the sins [...] of rebellion, injustice, oppression, schism and perjury".{{sfn|Shaw|1999|p=89}} Opposition was boosted by measures imposed by the post-1707 [[Parliament of Great Britain]], including the [[Treason Act 1708]], the 1711 ruling that barred Scots peers with English or British peerages from their seats in the [[House of Lords]], and tax increases.{{sfn|Szechi|1994|p=72}} Despite their own preferences, the Stuarts tried to appeal to this group; in 1745, Charles issued declarations dissolving the "pretended Union", despite concerns this would alienate his English supporters.{{sfn|Pittock|1998|p=26}}

However, opposition to post-Union legislation was not restricted to Jacobites. Many Presbyterians opposed the establishment of the Episcopal Church in 1712 and other measures of indulgence, while the worst [[Malt tax riots|tax riots]] took place in [[Glasgow]], a town noted for its antipathy to the Stuarts.{{sfn|Riding|2016|p=337}} As in England, some objected less to the Union than the Hanoverian connection; [[Lord George Murray (general)|Lord George Murray]], a senior Jacobite commander in 1745, was a Unionist who repeatedly disagreed with Charles, but opposed "wars [...] on account of the Electors of Hanover".{{sfn|McLynn|1982|pp=109–110}}