Editing Jabberwocky (section)

===History===
"Jabberwocky" has been translated into 65 languages.<ref>Lindseth, Jon A. – Tannenbaum, Alan (eds.): ''Alice in a World of Wonderlands: The Translations of Lewis Carroll's Masterpiece'', vol. I, p. 747. New Castle: Oak Knoll Press, 2015. {{ISBN|978-1-58456-331-0}}.</ref> The translation might be difficult because the poem holds to English syntax and many of the principal words of the poem are invented. Translators have generally dealt with them by creating equivalent words of their own. Often these are similar in spelling or sound to Carroll's while respecting the [[morphology (linguistics)|morphology]] of the language they are being translated into. In Frank L. Warrin's French translation, "'Twas brillig" becomes "Il brilgue". In instances like this, both the original and the invented words echo actual words of Carroll's [[lexicon]], but not necessarily ones with similar meanings. Translators have invented words which draw on root words with meanings similar to the English roots used by Carroll. [[Douglas Hofstadter]] noted in his essay "Translations of Jabberwocky", the word 'slithy', for example, echoes the English 'slimy', 'slither', 'slippery', 'lithe' and 'sly'. A French translation that uses 'lubricilleux' for 'slithy', evokes French words like 'lubrifier' (to lubricate) to give an impression of a meaning similar to that of Carroll's word. In his exploration of the translation challenge, Hofstadter asks "what if a word does exist, but it is very intellectual-sounding and Latinate ('lubricilleux'), rather than earthy and Anglo-Saxon ('slithy')? Perhaps 'huilasse' would be better than 'lubricilleux'? Or does the Latin origin of the word 'lubricilleux' not make itself felt to a speaker of French in the way that it would if it were an English word ('lubricilious', perhaps)? ".<ref name="Hofstadter"/>

Hofstadter also notes that it makes a great difference whether the poem is translated in isolation or as part of a translation of the novel. In the latter case the translator must, through Humpty Dumpty, supply explanations of the invented words. But, he suggests, "even in this pathologically difficult case of translation, there seems to be some rough equivalence obtainable, a kind of rough [[Isomorphism (sociology)|isomorphism]], partly global, partly local, between the brains of all the readers".<ref name="Hofstadter">{{cite book | first = Douglas R. | last = Hofstadter | year = 1980 | title = Gödel, Escher, Bach: An Eternal Golden Braid | chapter = Translations of Jabberwocky | chapter-url = http://www76.pair.com/keithlim/jabberwocky/poem/hofstadter.html| isbn = 0-394-74502-7 | publisher = Vintage Books | location = New York, NY}}</ref>

In 1967, D.G. Orlovskaya wrote a popular Russian translation of  "Jabberwocky" entitled "Barmaglot" ("Бармаглот"). She translated "Barmaglot" for "Jabberwock", "Brandashmyg" for "Bandersnatch" while "myumsiki" ("мюмзики") echoes "mimsy". Full translations of "Jabberwocky" into French and German can be found in ''[[The Annotated Alice]]'' along with a discussion of why some translation decisions were made.<ref>M. Gardner, ed., The Annotated Alice, 1960; London: Penguin 1970, p. 193f.</ref> [[Chao Yuen Ren]], a Chinese linguist, translated the poem into Chinese<ref>{{Cite journal
|doi=10.2307/2718830|title=Dimensions of Fidelity in Translation With Special Reference to Chinese|last=Chao|first=Yuen Ren|author-link=Yuen Ren Chao|journal=Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies|volume=29|year=1969|pages=109–130|publisher=Harvard-Yenching Institute|jstor=2718830}}</ref> by inventing characters to imitate what [[Rob Gifford]] of [[National Public Radio]] refers to as the "slithy toves that gyred and gimbled in the wabe of Carroll's original".<ref>[[Rob Gifford|Gifford, Rob]]. "The Great Wall of the Mind." ''China Road''. [[Random House]]. 2008. 237.</ref> [[Satyajit Ray]], a film-maker, translated the work into [[Bengali language|Bengali]]<ref>Robinson, Andrew (2004) ''Satyajit Ray''. I.B. Tauris p29</ref> and [[concrete poet]] [[Augusto de Campos]] created a Brazilian Portuguese version. There is also an Arabic translation<ref>Wael Al-Mahdi (2010) [http://waelalmahdi.com/?p=402 Jabberwocky in Arabic]</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Almahdi |first=Wael |title=The Jabberwocky in Arabic – Version 2 (2023) |url=http://waelalmahdi.com/the-jabberwocky-in-arabic-version-2-2023/ |access-date=2023-04-22 |language=en-US}}</ref> by Wael Al-Mahdi, and at least two into [[Croatian language|Croatian]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Priča o Hudodraku, Karazubu i Jabberwockyju|url=http://www.booksa.hr/kolumne/crv-u-kamenu/prica-o-hudodraku-karazubu-i-jabberwockyju|language=hr|publisher=Kulturtreger / KK Booksa|date=2011-09-24}}</ref> Multiple translations into [[Latin]] were made within the first weeks of Carroll's original publication.<ref name="RAZ">{{cite web| last=Vansittart|first=Augustus Arthur |title=Mors Iabrochii |url=http://www.ruthannzaroff.com/wonderland/jabberwocky.htm| work=Jabberwocky |editor=Zaroff, Ruth Ann|location=London|language=la|year=1872}}</ref> In a 1964 article, [[M. L. West]] published two versions of the poem in [[Ancient Greek]] that exemplify the respective styles of the [[epic poets]] [[Homer]] and [[Nonnus]].<ref>[[M. L. West]], "Two Versions of Jabberwocky", ''Greece & Rome'' Vol. 11 No. 2, October 1964, pp. 185–187.</ref>