Editing Ivy League (section)

===Institutional history===
{{sticky header}}
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! width= 200px style="{{CollegePrimaryStyle|Ivy League|border=1|color= white }}"| Institution
! width= px style="{{CollegePrimaryStyle|Ivy League|border=1|color= white }}"| Founded as
! width= px style="{{CollegePrimaryStyle|Ivy League|border=1|color= white }}"| Founded
! width= px style="{{CollegePrimaryStyle|Ivy League|border=1|color= white }}"| Chartered
! width= px style="{{CollegePrimaryStyle|Ivy League|border=1|color= white }}"| First instruction
! width= px style="{{CollegePrimaryStyle|Ivy League|border=1|color= white }}"| Founding affiliation
|-
! scope="row" |[[Harvard University]]
|Harvard College<ref>{{Cite web |date=2007-02-05 |title=The Harvard Guide: Cambridge |url=http://www.news.harvard.edu/guide/commu/index.html |access-date=2024-07-18 |quote=Cambridge was founded in 1630 as Newtowne. In 1637, the tiny village was designated as the location of the then-unnamed college, which would be named Harvard the following year. |archive-date=February 5, 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070205041058/http://www.news.harvard.edu/guide/commu/index.html |url-status=bot: unknown }}</ref>
|1636
|1650
|1642
|[[Nonsectarian]],{{Citation needed|date=December 2024}} founded by [[Calvinism|Calvinist]] [[Congregationalism in the United States|Congregationalists]]
|-
! scope="row" |[[Yale University]]
|Collegiate School
|1701
|1701<ref name="The Yale Corporation-1976">{{cite web|year=1976|title=The Yale Corporation: Charter and Legislation|url=http://www.yale.edu/about/University-Charter.pdf|quote=By the Gov<sup>rn</sup>, in Council & Representatives of his Maj<sup>ties</sup> Colony of Connecticut in Gen<sup>rll</sup> Court Assembled, New-Haven, Oct<sup>r</sup> 9: 1701|access-date=April 24, 2021|archive-date=June 3, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140603002044/http://www.yale.edu/about/University-Charter.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>
|1702
|Calvinist (Congregationalist)
|-
! scope="row" |[[Princeton University]]
|College of New Jersey
|1746{{Efn|Princeton University has historical ties to an older college. Five of the twelve members of Princeton's first board of trustees were very closely associated with a "[[Log College]]" operated by Presbyterian minister [[William Tennent]] and his son [[Gilbert Tennent|Gilbert]] in [[Bucks County, Pennsylvania]] from 1726 until 1746.<ref name="princeton1">{{cite web |url=http://etcweb.princeton.edu/CampusWWW/Companion/log_college.html |title=Log College |publisher=Etcweb1.princeton.edu |access-date=February 19, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304022928/http://etcweb.princeton.edu/CampusWWW/Companion/log_college.html |archive-date=March 4, 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Because the College of New Jersey and the Log College shared the same religious affiliation (a moderate element within the "[[The Old Side-New Side Controversy|New Side]]" or "[[Old and New Light|New Light]]" wing of the [[Presbyterianism|Presbyterian Church]]) and there was a considerable overlap in their boards of trustees, some historians suggest that there is sufficient connection between this school and the College of New Jersey which would enable Princeton to claim a founding date of 1726. However, Princeton does not officially do so and a university historian says that the "facts do not warrant" such a claim.<ref name="princeton1"/>}}
|1746<ref name="The Princeton University Press-1906">{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/chartersbylawsof00prin|title=The Charters and By-Laws of the Trustees of Princeton University|date=1906|publisher=The Princeton University Press|location=Princeton, NJ|pages=[https://archive.org/details/chartersbylawsof00prin/page/11 11]–20|quote=A Charter to Incorporate Sundry Persons to found a College pass'd the Great Seal of this Province of New Jersey ... the 22d October, 1746 ... The Charter thus mentioned has been lost ...}}</ref>
|1747
|Nonsectarian,<ref name="princetonchapeltour" /> founded by Calvinist [[Presbyterianism|Presbyterians]]<ref name="princetonchapeltour">{{cite web|url=https://www.princeton.edu/~oktour/virtualtour/english/Stop05.htm|title=University Chapel: Orange Key Virtual Tour of Princeton University|publisher=Princeton University}}</ref>{{Better source needed|date=December 2024}}
|-
! scope="row" |[[Columbia University]]
|King's College
|1754
|1754<ref name="New York, Printed for the College-1895">{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/chartersactsoffi00colurich|title=Charters, acts and official documents together with the lease and re-lease by Trinity church of a portion of the King's farm|date=June 1895|publisher=New York, Printed for the College|pages=[https://archive.org/details/chartersactsoffi00colurich/page/10 10]–24|quote=Witness our Trusty and well beloved'James De Lancey, Esq., our Lieutenant Governor, and Commander in chief in and over our Province of New York ... this thirty first day of October, in the year of our Lord one thousand seven hundred and fifty four, and of our Reign the twenty eighth.}}</ref>
|1754
|[[Church of England]]
|-
! scope="row" |[[University of Pennsylvania]]
|College of Philadelphia<ref name="PennFoundingYear">See [[University of Pennsylvania]] for details of the circumstances of Penn's origin.  Penn considered its founding date to be 1749 for over a century.[http://www.archives.upenn.edu/histy/features/1700s/trustees.html] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121125023024/http://www.archives.upenn.edu/histy/features/1700s/trustees.html|date=November 25, 2012}}  In 1895, elite universities in the United States agreed that henceforth formal [[Academic procession|academic processions]] would place visiting dignitaries and other officials in the order of their institution's founding dates.  Penn's periodical "The Alumni Register," published by the General Alumni Society, then began a grassroots campaign to retroactively revise the university's founding date to 1740.  In 1899, the Board of Trustees acceded to the alumni initiative and voted to change the founding date to 1740, the date of foundation for the trust that was used to establish the school, following the usage used by Harvard University.  The rationale offered in 1899 was that, in 1750, founder Benjamin Franklin and his original board of trustees purchased a completed but unused building and assumed a trust from a group that had hoped to begin a church and charity school in Philadelphia.  This edifice was commonly called the "New Building" by local citizens and was referred to by such name in Franklin's memoirs as well as the legal bill of sale in Penn's archives.  No name is stated or known for the associated educational trust, hence "Unnamed Charity School" serves as a placeholder to refer to the trust which is the premise for Penn's association with a founding date of 1740.  The first named entity in Penn's early history was the 1751 secondary school for boys and charity school for indigent children called "Academy and Charitable School in the Province of Pennsylvania."[http://www.upenn.edu/about/heritage.php] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121020235939/http://www.upenn.edu/about/heritage.php|date=October 20, 2012}}  Undergraduate education began in 1755 and the organization then changed its name to "College, Academy and Charity School of Philadelphia in Pennsylvania."[http://www.archives.upenn.edu/histy/features/1700s/penn1700s.html] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060428155156/http://www.archives.upenn.edu/histy/features/1700s/penn1700s.html|date=April 28, 2006}} Operation of the charity school was discontinued a few years later.</ref>
|1740 or 1749 or 1755{{efn|There is some disagreement about Penn's date of founding as the university has never used its legal charter date for this purpose and, in addition, took the unusual step of changing its official founding date approximately 150 years after the fact. The first meeting of the founding trustees of the secondary school which eventually became the [[University of Pennsylvania]] took place in November 1749. Secondary instruction for boys at the ''[[Academy of Philadelphia]]'' began in August 1751. Undergraduate education for men began after a collegiate charter for the ''[[College of Philadelphia]]'' was granted in 1755. Penn initially designated 1750 as its founding date. Sometime later in its early history, Penn began to refer to 1749 instead. The school considered 1749 to be its founding date for more than a century until, in 1895, elite universities in the United States agreed that formal [[academic procession]]s would place visiting dignitaries and other officials in the order of their institution's founding dates. Four years later in 1899, Penn's board of trustees voted to retroactively revise the university's founding date from 1749 to 1740 in order to become older than Princeton, which had been chartered in 1746. The premise for this revised founding date was that the Academy of Philadelphia purchased the building and assumed the educational mandate of an inactive trust which had originally hoped to open a charity school for indigent children. This was part of a 1740 project that had been planned to comprise both a church and school though because of insufficient funding, only the church was built and even it was never put into use. The dormant church building was conveyed to the Academy of Philadelphia in 1750.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.archives.upenn.edu/histy/entry.html |title=Table of Contents, Penn History, University of Pennsylvania University Archives |publisher=Archives.upenn.edu |access-date=February 19, 2012 |archive-date=February 25, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120225124708/http://www.archives.upenn.edu/histy/entry.html |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.upenn.edu/gazette/0902/thomas.html |title=Gazette: Building Penn's Brand (Sept/Oct 2002) |publisher=Upenn.edu |access-date=February 19, 2012 |archive-date=November 20, 2005 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051120020503/http://www.upenn.edu/gazette/0902/thomas.html |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.princeton.edu/mudd/news/faq/topics/older.shtml |title=Seeley G. Mudd Manuscript Library: FAQ Princeton University vs. University of Pennsylvania: Which is the older institution? |publisher=Princeton.edu |date=November 6, 2007 |access-date=February 19, 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030319132644/http://www.princeton.edu/mudd/news/faq/topics/older.shtml |archive-date=March 19, 2003 |df=mdy-all }}</ref>

}}
|1755
|1755
|Nonsectarian,<ref name="Penn">Penn's website, like other sources, makes an important point of Penn's heritage being nonsectarian, associated with [[Benjamin Franklin]] and the Academy of Philadelphia's nonsectarian board of trustees: "The goal of Franklin's nonsectarian, practical plan would be the education of a business and governing class rather than of clergymen."[http://www.archives.upenn.edu/histy/features/1700s/penn1700s.html] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060428155156/http://www.archives.upenn.edu/histy/features/1700s/penn1700s.html|date=April 28, 2006}}. Jencks and Riesman (2001) write "The Anglicans who founded the University of Pennsylvania, however, were evidently anxious not to alienate Philadelphia's Quakers, and they made their new college officially nonsectarian."  In Franklin's 1749 founding [http://www.archives.upenn.edu/primdocs/1749proposals.html Proposals relating to the education of youth in Pensilvania] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060504075701/http://www.archives.upenn.edu/primdocs/1749proposals.html|date=May 4, 2006}} [http://dewey.library.upenn.edu/sceti/printedbooksNew/index.cfm?TextID=franklin_youth&PagePosition=20 (page images)] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071018223123/http://dewey.library.upenn.edu/sceti/printedbooksNew/index.cfm?TextID=franklin_youth&PagePosition=20|date=October 18, 2007}}, religion is not mentioned directly as a subject of study, but he states in a footnote that the study of "''History'' will also afford frequent Opportunities of showing the Necessity of a ''Publick Religion,'' from its Usefulness to the Publicks; the Advantage of a Religious Character among private Persons; the Mischiefs of Superstition, &c. and the Excellency of the CHRISTIAN RELIGION above all others antient or modern." Starting in 1751, the same trustees also operated a Charity School for Boys, whose curriculum combined "general principles of Christianity" with practical instruction leading toward careers in business and the "mechanical arts." [http://www.archives.upenn.edu/histy/features/1700s/charitysch.html] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060620024258/http://www.archives.upenn.edu/histy/features/1700s/charitysch.html|date=June 20, 2006}}, and thus might be described as "non-denominational Christian." The charity school was originally planned and a trust was organized on paper in 1740 by followers of travelling evangelist [[George Whitefield]].  The school was to have operated inside a church supported by the same group of adherents.  But the organizers ran short of financing and, although the frame of the building was raised, the interior was left unfinished.  The founders of the Academy of Philadelphia purchased the unused building in 1750 for their new venture and, in the process, assumed the original trust.  Since 1899, Penn has claimed a founding date of 1740, based on the organizational date of the charity school and the premise that it had institutional identity with the Academy of Philadelphia. Whitefield was a firebrand Methodist associated with [[Great Awakening|The Great Awakening]]; since the Methodists did not formally break from the Church of England until 1784, Whitefield in 1740 would be labeled [[Church of England|Episcopalian]], and in fact ''Brown'' University, emphasizing its own pioneering nonsectarianism, refers to Penn's origin as "Episcopalian".[https://www.brown.edu/Administration/Admission/gettoknowus/ourhistory.html] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120118080913/http://www.brown.edu/Administration/Admission/gettoknowus/ourhistory.html|date=January 18, 2012}} Penn is sometimes assumed to have Quaker ties (its athletic teams are called "Quakers," and the cross-registration alliance between Penn, Haverford, Swarthmore and Bryn Mawr is known as the "Quaker Consortium.") But Penn's website does not assert any formal affiliation with Quakerism, historic or otherwise, and [[Haverford College]] implicitly asserts a non-Quaker origin for Penn when it states that "Founded in 1833, Haverford is the oldest institution of higher learning with Quaker roots in North America."{{cite web |title=About Haverford College |url=http://www.haverford.edu/publicrelations/news/QandA.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120204054925/https://www.haverford.edu/publicrelations/news/QandA.html |archive-date=February 4, 2012 |access-date=February 19, 2012}}</ref> founded by [[Church of England]]/[[Methodism|Methodist]] members<ref name="Dulany Addison-1911">{{cite EB1911 |wstitle=Protestant Episcopal Church |volume=22 |pages=473–475 |first=Daniel |last=Dulany Addison }}</ref><ref name="Brown.edu">{{cite web |url=https://www.brown.edu/Administration/Admission/gettoknowus/ourhistory.html |title=Brown Admission: Our History |publisher=Brown.edu |access-date=January 30, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110208022301/http://www.brown.edu/Administration/Admission/gettoknowus/ourhistory.html |archive-date=February 8, 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" |[[Brown University]]
|College in the English Colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations
|1764
|1764
|1765<ref name="Hoeveler">Hoeveler, David J., ''Creating the American Mind: Intellect and Politics in the Colonial Colleges'', Rowman & Littlefield, 2007, p. 192</ref>
|[[Baptist]], founding charter promises "no religious tests" and "full liberty of conscience"<ref name="Cambridge University Press-1911">Brown's website characterizes it as "the Baptist answer to Congregationalist Yale and Harvard; Presbyterian Princeton; and Episcopalian Penn and Columbia," but adds that at the time it was "the only one that welcomed students of all religious persuasions."[https://www.brown.edu/Administration/Admission/gettoknowus/ourhistory.html] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120118080913/http://www.brown.edu/Administration/Admission/gettoknowus/ourhistory.html|date=January 18, 2012}} Brown's charter stated that "into this liberal and catholic institution shall never be admitted any religious tests, but on the contrary, all the members hereof shall forever enjoy full, free, absolute, and uninterrupted liberty of conscience." The charter called for twenty-two of the thirty-six trustees to be Baptists, but required that the remainder be "five Friends, four Congregationalists, and five Episcopalians."{{Cite EB1911|wstitle=Providence|volume=22|page=511}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" |[[Dartmouth College]]
|Dartmouth College
|1769
|1769<ref name="Dartmouth College Charter">{{cite web|title=Dartmouth College Charter|url=http://www.dartmouth.edu/~library/rauner/dartmouth/dc-charter.html|quote=In testimony whereof, we have caused these our letters to be made patent, and the public seal of our said province of New Hampshire to be hereunto affixed. Witness our trusty and well beloved John Wentworth, Esquire, Governor and commander-in-chief in and over our said province, [etc.], this thirteenth day of December, in the tenth year of our reign, and in the year of our Lord 1769.|access-date=April 24, 2021|archive-date=September 27, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150927001030/https://www.dartmouth.edu/~library/rauner/dartmouth/dc-charter.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|1769
|Calvinist (Congregationalist)
|-
! scope="row" |[[Cornell University]]
|Cornell University
|1865
|1865
|1868<ref name="Geiger-2000">{{Cite book|last=Geiger|first=Roger L.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=T7nFTW57MgcC|title=The American College in the Nineteenth Century|date=2000|publisher=Vanderbilt University Press|isbn=978-0-8265-1364-9|pages=163|language=en}}</ref>
|Nonsectarian
|}

:<small>'''Note:''' Six of the eight Ivy League universities consider their founding dates to be simply the date that they received their charters and thus became legal corporations with the authority to grant academic degrees. Harvard University uses the date that the legislature of the Massachusetts Bay Colony formally allocated funds for the creation of a college. Harvard was chartered in 1650, although classes had been conducted for approximately a decade by then. The University of Pennsylvania's founding date is discussed in the footnote above. "Religious affiliation" refers to financial sponsorship, formal association with, and promotion by, a religious denomination. All of the institutions in the Ivy League are private (Cornell includes both private and state-supported schools) and are no longer associated with any religion.</small>