Editing Ivo Andrić (section)

==Interwar period==
The end of World War I saw the disintegration of Austria-Hungary, which was replaced by a newly established South Slav state, the [[Kingdom of Yugoslavia|Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes]] (renamed Yugoslavia in 1929).{{sfn|Hawkesworth|1984|p=17}} In late 1918, Andrić re-enrolled at the University of Zagreb and resumed his studies.{{sfn|Vucinich|1995|p=30}} By January 1919, he fell ill again and was back in the hospital. Fellow writer [[Ivo Vojnović]] became worried for his friend's life and appealed to Andrić's old schoolteacher Tugomir Alaupović (who had just been appointed the new kingdom's Minister of Religious Affairs) to use his connections and help Andrić pay for treatment abroad.{{sfn|Hawkesworth|1984|p=18}} In February, Andrić wrote Alaupović and asked for help finding a government job in Belgrade. Eventually, Andrić chose to seek treatment in Split, where he stayed for the following six months.{{sfn|Vucinich|1995|p=31}} During his time on the [[Mediterranean]] coast, Andrić completed a second volume of prose poetry, titled ''Nemiri'',{{efn|"Unrest" is Vucinich's translation of the title.{{sfn|Vucinich|1995|p=31}} Hawkesworth translates it as "Anxieties".{{sfn|Hawkesworth|1984|p=18}}}} which was published the following year. By the time Andrić left, he had almost fully recovered, and quipped that he was cured by the "air, sun and figs."{{sfn|Hawkesworth|1984|p=18}} Troubled by news that his uncle was seriously ill, Andrić left Split in August and went to him in Višegrad. He returned to Zagreb two weeks later.{{sfn|Vucinich|1995|p=31}}

===Early diplomatic career===
[[File:Ivo Andric Graz 2011-08-29.jpg|thumb|right|upright=0.8|A [[bust (sculpture)|bust]] of Andrić in [[Graz]], Austria]]
In the immediate aftermath of the war, Andrić's tendency to identify with Serbdom became increasingly apparent. In a correspondence dated December 1918, Vojnović described the young writer as "a Catholic&nbsp;... a Serb from Bosnia."{{sfn|Hawkesworth|1984|p=18}}{{sfn|Malcolm|1996|loc=p. 304, note 52}} By 1919, Andrić had acquired his undergraduate degree in South Slavic history and literature at the University of Zagreb.{{sfn|Vucinich|1995|p=31}} He was perennially impoverished, and earned a meagre sum through his writing and editorial work. By mid-1919, he realized that he would be unable to financially support himself and his aging mother, aunt and uncle for much longer, and his appeals to Alaupović for help securing a government job became more frequent. In September 1919, Alaupović offered him a secretarial position at the Ministry of Religion, which Andrić accepted.{{sfn|Vucinich|1995|p=31}}

In late October, Andrić left for [[Belgrade]].{{sfn|Hawkesworth|1984|p=19}} He became involved in the city's literary circles and soon acquired the distinction of being one of Belgrade's most popular young writers. Though the Belgrade press wrote positively of him, Andrić disliked being a public figure, and went into seclusion and distanced himself from his fellow writers.{{sfn|Hawkesworth|1984|p=20}} At the same time, he grew dissatisfied with his government job and wrote to Alaupović asking for a transfer to the [[Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Yugoslavia)|Ministry of Foreign Affairs]]. On 20 February, Andrić's request was granted and he was assigned to the Foreign Ministry's mission at the [[Holy See|Vatican]].{{sfn|Vucinich|1995|p=31}}

Andrić left Belgrade soon after, and reported for duty in late February. At this time, he published his first short story, ''Put Alije Đerzeleza'' (The Journey of [[Đerzelez Alija|Alija Đerzelez]]).{{sfn|Vucinich|1995|p=32}} He complained that the consulate was understaffed and that he did not have enough time to write. All evidence suggests he had a strong distaste for the ceremony and pomp that accompanied his work in the diplomatic service, but according to Hawkesworth, he endured it with "dignified good grace".{{sfn|Hawkesworth|1984|p=20}} Around this time, he began writing in the [[Shtokavian dialect#Yat reflexes|Ekavian dialect]] used in Serbia, and ceased writing in the Ijekavian dialect used in his native Bosnia.{{sfn|Popović|1989|p=36}} Andrić soon requested another assignment, and in November, he was transferred to [[Bucharest]].{{sfn|Vucinich|1995|p=32}} Once again, his health deteriorated.{{sfn|Hawkesworth|1984|p=22}} Nevertheless, Andrić found his consular duties there did not require much effort, so he focused on writing, contributed articles to a Romanian journal and even had time to visit his family in Bosnia. In 1922, Andrić requested another reassignment. He was transferred to the consulate in [[Trieste]], where he arrived on 9 December.{{sfn|Vucinich|1995|p=32}} The city's damp climate only caused Andrić's health to deteriorate further, and on his doctor's advice, he transferred to [[Graz]] in January 1923.{{sfn|Hawkesworth|1984|p=23}} He arrived in the city on 23 January, and was appointed vice-consul.{{sfn|Vucinich|1995|p=32}} Andrić soon enrolled at the [[University of Graz]], resumed his schooling and began working on his doctoral dissertation in [[Slavic studies]].{{sfn|Hawkesworth|1984|p=23}}

===Advancement===
[[File:Graz University main-front.jpg|thumb|right|Andrić completed his doctoral dissertation at the [[University of Graz]].]]

In August 1923, Andrić experienced an unexpected career setback. A law had been passed stipulating that all civil servants had to have a doctoral degree. As Andrić had not completed his dissertation, he was informed that his employment would be terminated. Andrić's well-connected friends intervened on his behalf and appealed to Foreign Minister [[Momčilo Ninčić]], citing Andrić's diplomatic and linguistic abilities. In February 1924, the Foreign Ministry decided to retain Andrić as a day worker with the salary of a vice-consul. This gave him the opportunity to complete his [[Doctor of Philosophy|Ph.D]]. Three months later, on 24 May, Andrić submitted his dissertation to a committee of examiners at the University of Graz, who gave it their approval.{{sfn|Vucinich|1995|p=32}} This allowed Andrić to take the examinations necessary for his Ph.D. to be confirmed. He passed both his exams, and on 13 July, received his Ph.D. The committee of examiners recommended that Andrić's dissertation be published. Andrić chose the title ''Die Entwicklung des geistigen Lebens in Bosnien unter der Einwirkung der türkischen Herrschaft'' (The Development of Spiritual Life in Bosnia Under the Influence of Turkish Rule).{{sfn|Vucinich|1995|p=33}} In it, he characterized the Ottoman occupation as [[:wikt:under the yoke|a yoke]] that still loomed over Bosnia.{{sfn|Carmichael|2015|p=62}} "The effect of Turkish rule was absolutely negative," he wrote. "The Turks could bring no cultural content or sense of higher mission, even to those [[South Slavic Muslims|South Slavs who accepted Islam]]."{{sfn|Malcolm|1996|p=100}}

Several days after receiving his Ph.D., Andrić wrote the Foreign Minister asking to be reinstated and submitted a copy of his dissertation, university documents and a medical certification that deemed him to be in good health. In September, the Foreign Ministry granted his request. Andrić stayed in Graz until 31 October, when he was assigned to the Foreign Ministry's Belgrade headquarters. During the two years he was in Belgrade, Andrić spent much of his time writing.{{sfn|Vucinich|1995|p=33}} His first collection of short stories was published in 1924, and he received a prize from the Serbian Royal Academy (of which he became a full-fledged member in February 1926). In October 1926, he was assigned to the consulate in [[Marseille]] and again appointed vice-consul.{{sfn|Hawkesworth|1984|p=24}} On 9 December 1926, he was transferred to the Yugoslav embassy in Paris.{{sfn|Vucinich|1995|p=33}} Andrić's time in France was marked by increasing loneliness and isolation. His uncle had died in 1924, his mother the following year, and upon arriving in France, he was informed that his aunt had died as well. "Apart from official contacts," he wrote Alaupović, "I have no company whatever."{{sfn|Hawkesworth|1984|p=24}} Andrić spent much of his time in the Paris archives poring over the reports of the French consulate in Travnik between 1809 and 1814, material he would use in ''Travnička hronika'',{{efn|Hawkesworth and Vucinich translate ''Travnička hronika'' as "Bosnian Story".{{sfn|Vucinich|1995|p=34}}{{sfn|Hawkesworth|1984|p=28}}}} one of his future novels.{{sfn|Vucinich|1995|p=33}}

In April 1928, Andrić was posted to [[Madrid]] as vice-consul. While there, he wrote essays on [[Simón Bolívar]] and [[Francisco Goya]], and began work on the novel ''Prokleta avlija'' (The Damned Yard). In June 1929, he was named secretary of the Yugoslav [[legation]] to Belgium and [[Luxembourg]] in [[Brussels]].{{sfn|Vucinich|1995|p=33}} On 1 January 1930, he was sent to Switzerland as part of Yugoslavia's permanent delegation to the [[League of Nations]] in [[Geneva]], and was named deputy delegate the following year. In 1933, Andrić returned to Belgrade; two years later, he was named head of the political department of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. On 5 November 1937, Andrić became assistant to [[Milan Stojadinović]], Yugoslavia's [[Prime Minister of Yugoslavia|Prime Minister]] and Foreign Minister.{{sfn|Hawkesworth|1984|p=24}} That year, France decorated him with the Order of the Grand Officer of the [[Legion of Honour]].{{sfn|Popović|1989|p=46}}