Editing Isoetes (section)

=== Dispersal ===
Spore dispersal occurs primarily in water ([[hydrochory]]) but may also occur via adherence to animals ([[Seed dispersal|zoochory]]) and as a result of ingestion ([[Seed dispersal|endozoochory]]).<ref name="Taylor-1992" /><ref name="Troia-2016">{{Cite journal|last=Troia|first=Angelo|date=16 June 2016|title=Dispersal and colonization in heterosporous lycophytes: palynological and biogeographical notes on the genusIsoetesin the Mediterranean region|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00837792.2016.1191171|journal=Webbia|volume=71|issue=2|pages=277–281|doi=10.1080/00837792.2016.1191171|bibcode=2016Webbi..71..277T |s2cid=89179370|issn=0083-7792}}</ref> These are among the reasons suggested for the ornamentations of the spore, with some authors demonstrating that certain patterns seem well-adapted for sticking to relevant animals like waterfowl.<ref name="Troia-2016" /> Another critical element of dispersal is the observation that in some species of ''Isoetes'', the outer coat of megaspores have pockets that trap microspores, a condition known as synaptospory.<ref name="Troia-2016" /><ref name="Lellinger-1979">{{Cite journal|last1=Lellinger|first1=David B.|last2=Kramer|first2=K. U.|date=April 1979|title=Synaptospory: A Hypothesis|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1546895|journal=American Fern Journal|volume=69|issue=2|pages=48|doi=10.2307/1546895|jstor=1546895|issn=0002-8444}}</ref> Typically, heterospory means that colonization and long-dispersal are more difficult due to the fact that a single spore cannot grow a bisexual gametophyte and thus cannot establish a new population from a single spore as can happen in homosporous ferns.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Sessa|first1=Emily B.|last2=Testo|first2=Weston L.|last3=Watkins|first3=James E.|date=20 April 2016|title=On the widespread capacity for, and functional significance of, extreme inbreeding in ferns|journal=New Phytologist|volume=211|issue=3|pages=1108–1119|doi=10.1111/nph.13985|pmid=27094807|issn=0028-646X|doi-access=free|bibcode=2016NewPh.211.1108S }}</ref> ''Isoetes'' may mitigate this issue via microspores stuck to megaspores, greatly increasing the possibility of successful fertilization upon dispersal.<ref name="Troia-2016" /><ref name="Lellinger-1979" />