Editing Islamism (section)

===Restoration of the Caliphate===
{{See also|Khilafat Movement|}}
[[File:Cover_of_the_second_issue_of_al-Manar_magazine,_1899.jpg|thumb|''[[Al-Manār (magazine)|Al-Manār]]'' magazine, the most popular 20th century Islamic journal that called for the restoration of Caliphate]]
The [[abolition of the Ottoman Sultanate]] by the [[Grand National Assembly of Turkey]] on 1 November 1922 ended the [[Ottoman Empire]], which had lasted since 1299. On 11 November 1922, at the [[Lausanne Conference of 1922–1923|Conference of Lausanne]], the sovereignty of the Grand National Assembly exercised by the [[Ankara Government|Government in Angora]] (now [[Ankara]]) over Turkey was recognized. The last sultan, [[Mehmed VI]], departed the Ottoman capital, [[Ottoman Constantinople|Constantinople]] (now [[Istanbul]]), on 17 November 1922. The legal position was solidified with the signing of the [[Treaty of Lausanne]] on 24 July 1923. In March 1924, [[Abolition of the Caliphate|the Caliphate was abolished]] legally by the Turkish National Assembly, marking the end of Ottoman influence. This shocked the Sunni clerical world, and many felt the need to present Islam not as a traditional religion but as an [[Bidʻah|innovative]] socio-political ideology of a modern nation-state.{{sfn|Rahnema|2005|p=101}}

The reaction to new realities of the modern world gave birth to Islamist ideologues like [[Rashid Rida]] and [[Abul A'la Maududi]] and organizations such as the [[Muslim Brotherhood]] in Egypt and [[Majlis-e-Ahrar-ul-Islam]] in India. Rashid Rida, a prominent Syrian-born Salafi theologian based in [[Egypt]], was known as a revivalist of [[Hadith studies]] in Sunni seminaries and a pioneering theoretician of [[Islamic state|Islamism]] in the modern age.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Olidort |first=Jacob |title=In Defense of Tradition: Muḥammad Nāșir AL-Dīn Al-Albānī and the Salafī Method |publisher=Princeton University |year=2015 |location=Princeton, NJ, U.S.A |pages=52–62 |chapter=A New Curriculum: Rashīd Riḍā and Traditionalist Salafism |quote="Rashīd Riḍā presented these core ideas of Traditionalist Salafism, especially the purported interest in ḥadīth of the early generations of Muslims, as a remedy for correcting Islamic practice and belief during his time."}}</ref> During 1922–1923, Rida published a series of articles in seminal ''[[Al-Manār (magazine)|Al-Manar]]'' magazine titled "''[[The Caliphate or the Supreme Imamate (book)|The Caliphate or the Supreme Imamate]]''". In this highly influential treatise, Rida advocates for the restoration of Caliphate guided by [[Faqīh|Islamic jurists]] and proposes gradualist measures of education, reformation and purification through the efforts of ''[[Salafiyya]]'' reform movements across the globe.<ref name="Willis 2010 711–732">{{Cite journal |last=Willis |first=John |date=2010 |title=Debating the Caliphate: Islam and Nation in the Work of Rashid Rida and Abul Kalam Azad |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/25762122 |journal=The International History Review |volume=32 |issue=4 |pages=711–732 |doi=10.1080/07075332.2010.534609 |jstor=25762122 |s2cid=153982399 |issn=0707-5332 |access-date=7 May 2023 |archive-date=27 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230327015041/https://www.jstor.org/stable/25762122 |url-status=live }}</ref>

Sayyid Rashid Rida had visited India in 1912 and was impressed by the [[Darul Uloom Deoband|Deoband]] and [[Darul Uloom Nadwatul Ulama|Nadwatul Ulama]] seminaries.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Allāh |first='Abd |date=29 February 2012 |title=Shaykh Rashid Rida on Dar al-'Ulum Deoband |url=https://friendsofdeoband.wordpress.com/2012/02/29/rashid-rida-and-dar-al-ulum-deoband/ |access-date=7 May 2022 |website=Friends of Deoband|archive-date=27 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230327015044/https://friendsofdeoband.wordpress.com/2012/02/29/rashid-rida-and-dar-al-ulum-deoband/ |url-status=live }}</ref> These seminaries carried the legacy of [[Sayyid Ahmad Shahid]] and his pre-modern Islamic emirate.<ref>B. Metcalf, "Islamic Revival in British India: Deoband, 1860–1900", pp. 50–60, Princeton University Press (1982).</ref> In [[British Raj|British India]], the [[Khilafat movement]] (1919–24) following [[World War I]] led by [[Shaukat Ali (politician)|Shaukat Ali]], Maulana [[Mohammad Ali Jauhar]], [[Hakim Ajmal Khan]] and [[Maulana Azad]] came to exemplify South Asian Muslims' aspirations for [[Caliphate]].