Editing Irish diaspora (section)

==The Americas==

Some of the first Irish people to travel to the New World did so as members of the Spanish garrison in Florida during the 1560s, and small numbers of Irish colonists were involved in efforts to establish colonies in the Amazon region, in Newfoundland, and in Virginia between 1604 and the 1630s. According to historian Donald Akenson, there were "few if any" Irish being forcibly transported to the New World during this period.<ref name="Akenson">{{cite book|last=Akenson|first=Donald Harman|author-link=Donald Akenson|title=If the Irish Ran the World: Montserrat, 1630–1730|place=[[Montreal]]|publisher=[[McGill–Queen's University Press]]|year=1997|isbn=978-0773516304}}</ref>

The [[Plantation of Ulster]], by the [[House of Stuart|Stuart monarchy]] of the early 17th century, primarily in the lands gained by the [[Flight of the Earls]], with an equal number of loyal Lowland Scots and redundant English [[Border reivers]],<ref>{{Cite web|date=2013-01-24|title='Sheep stealers from the north of England': the Riding Clans in Ulster by Robert Bell|url=https://www.historyireland.com/early-modern-history-1500-1700/sheep-stealers-from-the-north-of-england-the-riding-clans-in-ulster-by-robert-bell/|access-date=2020-10-11|website=History Ireland|archive-date=19 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230919055619/https://www.historyireland.com/early-modern-history-1500-1700/sheep-stealers-from-the-north-of-england-the-riding-clans-in-ulster-by-robert-bell/|url-status=live}}</ref> caused resentment, as did their transferring of all property owned by the Roman Catholic Church to the [[Church of Ireland]], resulting in the [[Irish Rebellion of 1641]]. Following the rebellion's failure the Commonwealth regime began to pacify Ireland, through the sentencing and transporting Irish rebels (known as “tories”), Catholic priests, friars and schoolmasters, to [[Irish indentured servants|indentured servitude]] in the [[English colonization of the Americas|Crown's New World colonies]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Cromwell in Ireland|url=http://www.olivercromwell.org/wordpress/?page_id=1837|access-date=2020-10-11|website=olivercromwell.org|language=en-GB|archive-date=19 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230919055619/http://www.olivercromwell.org/wordpress/?page_id=1837|url-status=live}}</ref> This increased following the [[Cromwellian invasion of Ireland]] (1649–1653), of the [[Wars of the Three Kingdoms]] (1639–1653). [[Cromwell]] took Irish land both to repay investors who had financed the invasion<ref>{{Cite web|title=Cromwell in Ireland (3) – History of Ireland and Her People|url=https://www.libraryireland.com/HullHistory/Cromwell3.php|access-date=2020-10-11|website=www.libraryireland.com|archive-date=19 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230919055618/https://www.libraryireland.com/HullHistory/Cromwell3.php|url-status=live}}</ref> and as payment for his soldiers, many of whom settled down in Ireland. As a result, Irish in Leinster, and Munster, with property worth more than £10, were ordered to move to [[Connaught]], to land valued at no more than 1/3 the value of their current holding, or be banished on pain of death. In the 17th century 50,000 Irish people are estimated to have migrated to the New World colonies, 165,000 by 1775.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Hogan|first=Liam|date=2019-11-19|title=A review of the numbers in the "Irish slaves" meme|url=https://medium.com/@Limerick1914/a-review-of-the-numbers-in-the-irish-slaves-meme-1857988fd93c|access-date=2020-10-11|website=Medium|language=en|archive-date=19 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230919055618/https://medium.com/@Limerick1914/a-review-of-the-numbers-in-the-irish-slaves-meme-1857988fd93c|url-status=live}}</ref>

The population of Ireland fell from 1,466,000 to 616,000, between 1641 and 1652, over 550,000 attributed to famine and other war-related causes.{{Citation needed|date=October 2020}}

===Argentina===
{{Main|Irish settlement in Argentina}}
[[File:Ushuaia-irish-pub.jpg|thumb|right|Irish pub in [[Ushuaia, Tierra del Fuego]].]]
In the 19th and early 20th centuries, over 38,000 Irish immigrated to [[Argentina]].<ref name="Argentina">{{cite web |url=http://www.westernpeople.ie/news/story.asp?j=36054 |title=Flying the Irish flag in Argentina |publisher=[[Western People]] |date=14 March 2008 |access-date=4 July 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071014183725/http://westernpeople.ie/news/story.asp?j=36054 |archive-date=14 October 2007 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Very distinct Irish communities and schools existed until the Perón era in the 1950s.

Today there are an estimated 500,000 people of Irish ancestry in Argentina,<ref name="Argentina"/> approximately 15.5% of the Republic of Ireland's current population; however, these numbers may be far higher, given that many Irish newcomers declared themselves to be British, as Ireland at the time was still part of the United Kingdom and today their descendants integrated into Argentine society with mixed bloodlines.

The modern Irish-Argentine community is composed of some of their descendants, and the total number is estimated at between 500,000 and 1,000,000.

Argentina is the home of the [[Irish people|fifth largest Irish community in the world]], the largest in a non-English speaking nation and the greatest in [[South America]].<ref name=irishcentral>{{cite web | url = http://www.irishcentral.com/roots/viva-irlanda-exploring-the-irish-in-argentina-237375601 | title = Viva Irlanda! Exploring the Irish in Argentina | website = irishcentral.com | date = 2 August 2022 | access-date = 18 November 2023 | archive-date = 16 November 2023 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20231116155959/https://www.irishcentral.com/roots/viva-irlanda-exploring-the-irish-in-argentina-237375601 | url-status = live }}</ref>

Despite the fact that Argentina was never the main destination for Irish emigrants it does form part of the Irish diaspora. The Irish-Argentine [[William Bulfin]] remarked as he travelled around Westmeath in the early 20th century that he came across many locals who had been to Buenos Aires. Several families from [[Bere island]], [[County Cork]] were encouraged to send emigrants to Argentina by an islander who had been successful there in the 1880s.<ref>{{cite book|last=Clear|first=Caitríona|title=Social Change and Everyday Life in Ireland, 1850–1922 |publisher=Manchester University Press|year=2007|isbn=978-0-7190-7438-7|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RJdnAAAAMAAJ&q=%22several+families+from+bere+island%22+|access-date=17 October 2009}}</ref>

Considered by some to be a national hero, [[William Brown (admiral)|William Brown]] is the most famous Irish citizen in Argentina. Creator of the [[Argentine Navy]] (''Armada de la República Argentina'', ARA) and leader of the [[Military of Argentina|Argentine Armed Forces]] in the wars against Brazil and Spain, he was born in [[Foxford]], [[County Mayo]] on 22 June 1777 and died in [[Buenos Aires]] in 1857. The {{Sclass|Almirante Brown|destroyer}} is named after him, as well as the [[Almirante Brown Partido|Almirante Brown partido]], part of the [[Gran Buenos Aires]] urban area, with a population of over 500.000 inhabitants.

The first entirely Roman Catholic English language publication published in Buenos Aires, ''[[The Southern Cross (Argentina)|The Southern Cross]]'' is an Argentine newspaper founded on 16 January 1875 by Dean Patricio Dillon, an Irish immigrant, a deputy for [[Buenos Aires Province]] and president of the Presidential Affairs Commission amongst other positions. The newspaper continues in print to this day and publishes a beginner's guide to the [[Irish language]], helping [[Irish settlement in Argentina|Irish Argentines]] keep in touch with their cultural heritage. Previously to ''The Southern Cross'' Dublin-born brothers [[Edward Mulhall|Edward]] and [[Michael George Mulhall|Michael Mulhall]] successfully published ''The Standard'', allegedly the first English-language daily paper in South America.

Between 1943 and 1946, the de facto [[President of Argentina]] was [[Edelmiro Farrell]], whose paternal ancestry was Irish.

===Bermuda===
{{Split section|date=September 2023 |Irish immigration to Bermuda}}
[[File:Sisyrinchium bermudianum B.jpg|thumb|Bermudiana (''[[Sisyrinchium bermudiana]]''), found only in Bermuda and Ireland<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.doeni.gov.uk/niea/blueeyedgrass-2.pdf|title=Home|website=Doeni.gov.uk|access-date=11 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923215943/http://www.doeni.gov.uk/niea/blueeyedgrass-2.pdf|archive-date=23 September 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wildflowersofireland.net/plant_detail.php?id_flower=3|title=Wildflower Blue-eyed Grass Irish Wild Flora Wildflowers of Ireland|website=Wildflowersofireland.net|access-date=11 January 2018}}</ref>]]
Early in its history, [[Bermuda]] had reputed connections with Ireland. It has been suggested that [[Brendan the Navigator|St. Brendan]] discovered it during his legendary voyage; a local [[psychiatric hospital]] (since renamed) was named after him.<ref>{{Cite magazine |url=http://www.newyorker.com/magazine/1954/01/02/1954_01_02_052_tny_cards_000242733 |title=The New Yorker. 2 January 1954. p. 2. ABSTRACT: DEPT. OF AMPLIFICATION about Saint Brendan. ''According to a talk story on Bermuda in our Dec. 5, 1953 issue, Saint Brendan may have discovered Bermuda in the 6th century.'' |magazine=The New Yorker |date=25 December 1953 |access-date=16 October 2014 |archive-date=19 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230919055626/https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/1954/01/02/1954_01_02_052_tny_cards_000242733 |url-status=live |last1=Gill |first1=Brendan }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.christianity.com/church/church-history/timeline/301-600/brendan-the-navigator-11629716.html|title=Brendan the Navigator|website=Christianity.com|access-date=11 January 2018|archive-date=27 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230927015412/https://www.christianity.com/church/church-history/timeline/301-600/brendan-the-navigator-11629716.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>''True North: Journeys into the Great Northern Ocean'', by Myron Arms. Publisher: Upper Access, Inc.  2010. {{ISBN|0942679334}}</ref> In 1616, an incident occurred in which five white settlers arrived in Ireland, having crossed the Atlantic (a distance of around {{convert|5000|km|mi}}) in a two-ton boat.<ref name="Packwood159">{{cite book | last = Packwood | first = Cyril Outerbridge| title = Chained on the Rock | publisher = E. Torres  | year = 1975 | location = New York | isbn = 0-88303-175-2 | page = 159 }}</ref> By the following year, one of Bermuda's main islands was [[Ireland Island, Bermuda|named after Ireland]].<ref name="Craven13">{{cite book | last = Craven | first = Wesley Frank | title = An Introduction to the History of Bermuda | publisher = Bermuda Maritime Museum Press | year = 1990 | location = Bermuda | isbn = 0-921560-04-4  | page = 13 }}</ref> By the mid-17th century, Irish [[Prisoner of war|prisoners of war]] and civilian captives were involuntarily shipped to Bermuda, condemned to [[indentured servitude]].<ref name="Irish Slavery">{{cite web|url=http://www.raceandhistory.com/cgi-bin/forum/webbbs_config.pl/noframes/read/1638|title=Irish Slavery|website=Raceandhistory.com|access-date=11 January 2018|archive-date=20 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231120130512/https://www.raceandhistory.com/cgi-bin/forum/webbbs_config.pl/noframes/read/1638|url-status=live}}</ref> These people had become indentured as a result of the [[Cromwellian conquest of Ireland]].<ref name="Zuill91">{{cite book | last = Zuill | first = W. S. | title = The Story of Bermuda and her People | publisher = Macmillan Caribbean | year = 1987 | location = London | isbn = 0-333-34156-2 | page = [https://archive.org/details/storyofbermudahe0000zuil/page/91 91] | url = https://archive.org/details/storyofbermudahe0000zuil/page/91 }}</ref> The Cromwellian conquest led to Irish captives, from both military and civilian backgrounds, to be sent as indentured servants to the West Indies. The Puritan Commonwealth government saw sending indentured servants from Ireland to the Caribbean as both assisting in their conquest of the island (by removing the strongest resistance against their rule) and saving the souls of the [[Catholic Church in Ireland|Roman Catholic]] Irish servants by settling them in Protestant-dominated colonies where they would supposedly inevitably [[Religious conversion|convert]] to the "[[Protestantism|true faith]]".<ref name="Irish Slavery"/>

These rapid demographic changes quickly began to alarm the dominant Anglo-Bermudian population, in particular the Irish indentured servants, most of whom were presumed to be secretly practising [[Catholic Church|Catholicism]] ([[recusancy]] had been outlawed by the colonial government). Relationships between the Anglo-Bermudian community and Irish indentured servants consistently remained hostile, resulting in the Irish responding to ostracism by ultimately merging with the Scottish, African and Native American communities in Bermuda to form a new demographic: the [[Colored|coloured]]s, which in Bermuda meant anyone not entirely of [[Ethnic groups of Europe|European descent]]. In modern-day Bermuda, the term has been replaced by '[[Black people|Black]]', in which wholly sub-Saharan African ancestry is erroneously implicit. The Irish quickly proved hostile to their new conditions in Bermuda, and colonial legislation soon stipulated:

{{Blockquote|that those that hath the Irish servants should take care that they straggle not night nor daie as is too common with them. If any masters or dames be remiss hereafter in watching over them, they shall be fyned according to the discretion of the Governor and counsell'', and that ''it shall not be lawfull for any inhabitant in these Islands to buy or purchase any more of the Irish nation upon any pretence whatsoever".}}

In September, 1658, three Irishmen – John Chehen (Shehan, Sheehan, Sheene, or Sheen), David Laragen and Edmund Malony – were lashed for breaking [[curfew]] and being suspected of stealing a boat. Jeames Benninge (a Scottish indentured servant), black Franke (a servant to Mr John Devitt), and Tomakin, Clemento, and black Dick (servants of Mrs Anne Trimingham) were also punished.<ref name="Packwood160">{{cite book | last = Packwood | first = Cyril Outerbridge | title = Chained on the Rock | publisher = E. Torres  | year = 1975 | location = New York | isbn = 0-88303-175-2 | page = 160 }}</ref>

In 1661, the colonial government alleged that a plot was being hatched by an alliance of Blacks and Irish, one which involved cutting the throats of all Bermudians of English descent. The [[governor of Bermuda]], [[William Sayle]] (who had returned to Bermuda after the Bermudian colonial government acknowledged the authority of [[Parliament of England|Parliament]]) countered the alleged plot with three edicts: The first was that a nightly watch be raised throughout the colony; second, that slaves and the Irish be disarmed of militia weapons; and third, that any gathering of two or more Irish or slaves be dispersed by whipping. There were no arrests, trials or executions connected to the plot,<ref name="Packwood143">{{cite book | last = Packwood | first = Cyril Outerbridge| title = Chained on the Rock | publisher = E. Torres  | year = 1975 | location = New York | isbn = 0-88303-175-2 | page = 143 }}</ref> though an Irish woman named Margaret was found to be romantically involved with a Native American; she was voted to be stigmatised and he was whipped.<ref name="Packwood132">{{cite book | last = Outerbridge Packwood | first = Cyril | title = Chained on the Rock | publisher = E. Torres  | year = 1975 | location = New York | isbn = 0-88303-175-2 | page = 132 }}</ref>

During the course of the seventeenth and eighteenth Centuries, the colony's various demographic groups boiled down to free whites and mostly enslaved "coloured" Bermudians with a homogeneous Anglo-Bermudian culture. Little survived of the Irish culture brought by indentured servants from Ireland. Catholicism was outlawed in Bermuda by the colonial authorities, and all islanders were required by law to attend services of the established [[Church of England|Anglican church]]. Some surnames that were common in Bermuda at this period, however, give lingering evidence of the Irish presence. For example, the area to the east of [[Bailey's Bay, Bermuda|Bailey's Bay]], in Hamilton Parish, is named ''Callan Glen'' for a Scottish-born shipwright, ''Claude MacCallan'', who settled in Bermuda after the vessel in which he was a passenger was wrecked off the North Shore in 1787. MacCallan swam to a rock from which he was rescued by a Bailey's Bay fisherman named ''Daniel Seon'' (''Sheehan''). A later Daniel Seon was appointed Clerk of the [[House of Assembly of Bermuda|House of Assembly]] and Prothonotary of the Court of General Assize in 1889 (he was also the Registrar of the Supreme Court, and died in 1909).

[[File:North America & West Indies Station's Grassy Bay anchorage from HMD Bermuda 1865.jpg|thumb|The hulk of [[HMS Medway (1812)|Medway]] and the Grassy Bay anchorage seen from HMD Bermuda in 1862]]

In 1803, Irish poet [[Thomas Moore]] arrived in Bermuda, having been appointed registrar to the [[British Admiralty|Admiralty]] there. Robert Kennedy, born in [[Cultra]], [[County Down]], was the [[Government of Bermuda]]'s ''Colonial Secretary'', and was the acting [[Governor of Bermuda]] on three occasions (1829, 1830 and 1835–1836).<ref>Gentleman's Magazine. See ''American Vital Records from the Gentleman's Magazine, 1731–1868'', by David Dobson, p. 160.</ref> Irish prisoners were again sent to Bermuda in the 19th century, including participants in the ill-fated [[Young Irelander Rebellion of 1848]], nationalist journalist and politician [[John Mitchel]], and painter and convicted murderer [[William Burke Kirwan]].<ref>Whittingham Ferdinand. Published anonymously, with the author identified as “A FIELD OFFICER”. (1857) B''ERMUDA; A COLONY, A FORTRESS AND A PRISON; or, Eighteen Months in the Somers Islands.'' London: Longman, Brown, Green, Lognmans and Roberts. p. 215</ref> Alongside English convicts, they were used to build the [[Royal Naval Dockyard, Bermuda|Royal Naval Dockyard]] on Ireland Island.<ref>[http://www.royalgazette.com/siftology.royalgazette/Article/article.jsp?articleId=7d7219230030099&sectionId=126 British military presence in Bermuda]{{Dead link|date=July 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, ''[[The Royal Gazette (Bermuda)|The Royal Gazette]]'', 3 February 2007</ref> Conditions for the convicts were harsh, and discipline was draconian. In April, 1830, convict James Ryan was shot and killed during rioting of convicts on Ireland Island. Another five convicts were given death sentences for their parts in the riots, with those of the youngest three being commuted to transportation (to [[Australia]]) for life. In June 1849 convict James [[Cronin]], on the hulk [[HMS Medway (1812)|Medway]] at Ireland Island, was placed in solitary confinement from the 25th to the 29th for fighting. On release, and being returned to work, he refused to be cross-ironed. He ran onto the breakwater, brandishing a poker threateningly. For this, he was ordered to receive punishment (presumably flogging) on Tuesday, 3 July 1849, with the other convicts aboard the hulk assembled behind a rail to witness. When ordered to strip, he hesitated. Thomas Cronin, his older brother, addressed him and, while brandishing a knife, rushed forward to the separating rail. He called out to the other prisoners in [[Irish language|Irish]] and many joined him in attempting to free the prisoner and attack the officers. The officers opened fire. Two men were killed and twelve wounded. Punishment of James Cronin was then carried out. Three hundred men of the [[42nd Regiment of Foot]], in barracks on Ireland Island, responded to the scene under arms.<ref>''Bermuda Sampler 1815–1850'', by William Zuill. Publisher: The Bermuda Book Store. 1 January 1937</ref>
 
Although the [[Roman Catholic Church]] (which had been banned in Bermuda, as in the rest of England, since settlement) began to operate openly in Bermuda in the 19th century, its priests were not permitted to conduct baptisms, weddings or funerals. As the most important British naval and military base in the Western Hemisphere following US independence, large numbers of Irish Roman Catholic soldiers served in the British Army's [[Bermuda Garrison]] (the Royal Navy had also benefitted from a shipload of Irish emigres wrecked on Bermuda, with most being recruited into the navy there). The first Roman Catholic services in Bermuda were conducted by British Army chaplains early in the 19th century. Mount Saint Agnes Academy, a private school operated by the Roman Catholic Church of Bermuda, opened in 1890 at the behest of officers of the [[86th (Royal County Down) Regiment of Foot]] (which was posted to Bermuda from 1880 to 1883), who had requested from the [[Archbishop]] of [[Halifax, Nova Scotia]], a school for the children of Irish Roman Catholic soldiers.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://bermuda-online.org/britarmy.htm|title=British Army in Bermuda from 1701 to 1977|first=Keith Archibald|last=Forbes|website=bermuda-online.org|access-date=11 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140821111911/http://www.bermuda-online.org/britarmy.htm|archive-date=21 August 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.msa.bm/index.php/about-us/2011-05-06-15-24-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130821052104/http://www.msa.bm/index.php/about-us/2011-05-06-15-24-05|url-status=dead|archive-date=21 August 2013|title=Mount St. Agnes Academy website: History|website=Msa.bm|access-date=11 January 2018}}</ref>

Not all Irish soldiers in Bermuda had happy lives there. Private Joseph McDaniel of the [[30th Regiment of Foot]] (who was born in the [[East Indies]] to an Irish father and a [[Ethnic Malays|Malay]] mother) was convicted of the murder of Mary Swears in June, 1837, after he had been found with a self-inflicted wound and her lifeless body. Although he maintained his innocence throughout the trial, after his conviction he confessed that they had made a pact to die together. Although he had succeeded in killing her, he survived his suicide attempt. He was put to death on Wednesday, 29 November 1837. Private Patrick Shea of the [[20th Regiment of Foot]] was sentenced to death in June 1846, for discharging his weapon at Sergeant John Evans. His sentence was commuted to transportation (to [[Australia]]) for life. In October, 1841, [[County Carlow, Ireland|County Carlow]]-born Peter Doyle had also been transported to Australia for fourteen years for shooting at a picket. At his court martial he had explained that he had been drunk at the time.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://foundersandsurvivors.org/pubsearch/convict/chain/ai20019|title=''Peter Doyle''. Founders & Survivors Project website. Founders & Survivors Project, Centre for Health & Society, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.|website=Foundersandsurvivors.org|access-date=11 January 2018|archive-date=1 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180701030710/http://foundersandsurvivors.org/pubsearch/convict/chain/ai20019|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Other Irish soldiers, taking discharge, made a home in Bermuda, remaining there for the rest of their lives. Dublin-born Sapper Cornelius Farrell was discharged in Bermuda from the [[Royal Engineers]]. His three Bermudian-born sons followed him into the army, fighting on the Western Front during the [[First World War]] in the [[Bermuda Volunteer Rifle Corps]].

Although there is little surviving evidence of Irish culture, some elderly islanders can remember when the term "cilig" (or ''killick'') was used to describe a common method of fishing for sea turtles by tricking them into swimming into prearranged nets (this was done by splashing a stone on a line—the cilig—into the water on the turtle's opposite side). The word ''cilig'' appears to be meaningless in English, but in some dialects of Gaelic is used as an adjective meaning "easily deceived".<ref>''Faclair Gaidhlig gu Beurla le Dealbhan/Dwelly's Illustrated Gaelic to English Dictionary'', compiled by Edward Dwelly. Gairm Publications, Glasgow*</ref> In Irish there is a word ''cílí'' meaning sly. It is used in the expression ''Is é an cílí ceart é'' (pronounced ''Shayeh kilic airtay'') and means ''What a sly-boots''.<ref>{{cite book | last = Ó Dónaill | first = Niall | title = FOCLÓIR GAEILGE-BÉARLA (''Irish-English Dictionary'') | publisher = An Gúm | year = 1992 | location = Dublin | isbn = 1-85791-037-0}}</ref> Alternatively, the word may be derived from an Irish word for a stone and wood anchor.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.worldwidewords.org/weirdwords/ww-kil1.htm|title=World Wide Words: Killick|website=World Wide Words|access-date=11 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100407204441/http://www.worldwidewords.org/weirdwords/ww-kil1.htm|archive-date=7 April 2010|url-status=dead}}</ref> Characteristics of older Bermudian accents, such as the pronunciation of the letter 'd' as 'dj', as in ''Bermudjin'' (Bermudian), may indicate an Irish origin.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.google.com/#hl=en&sclient=psy-ab&q=Crockwell+Bermuda&oq=Crockwell+Bermuda&aq=f&aqi=&aql=&gs_sm=3&gs_upl=0l0l1l248l0l0l0l0l0l2l1196l2165l6-1.1l2l0&gs_l=serp.3...0l0l1l249l0l0l0l0l0l2l1196l2165l6-1j1l2l0.frgbld.&pbx=1&bav=on.2,or.r_gc.r_pw.r_qf.,cf.osb&fp=7b1947f2ebce4c9d&biw=1024&bih=475|title=Google|website=Google.com|access-date=11 January 2018|archive-date=27 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200927051618/https://www.google.com/#hl=en&sclient=psy-ab&q=Crockwell+Bermuda&oq=Crockwell+Bermuda&aq=f&aqi=&aql=&gs_sm=3&gs_upl=0l0l1l248l0l0l0l0l0l2l1196l2165l6-1.1l2l0&gs_l=serp.3...0l0l1l249l0l0l0l0l0l2l1196l2165l6-1j1l2l0.frgbld.&pbx=1&bav=on.2,or.r_gc.r_pw.r_qf.,cf.osb&fp=7b1947f2ebce4c9d&biw=1024&bih=475|url-status=live}}</ref> Later Irish immigrants have continued to contribute to Bermuda's makeup, with names like Crockwell (''[[Ó Creachmhaoil]]'') and [[O'Conor|O'Connor]] (''Ó Conchobhair'') now being thought of locally as Bermudian names.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.google.com/#hl=en&sclient=psy-ab&q=o'connor+Bermuda&oq=o'connor+Bermuda&aq=f&aqi=&aql=&gs_sm=3&gs_upl=2774307l2780628l2l2780967l18l17l0l0l0l0l2078l7473l8-2.2l4l0&gs_l=hp.3...2774307l2780628l2l2780968l18l17l0l0l0l0l2078l7473l8-2j2l4l0.&pbx=1&bav=on.2,or.r_gc.r_pw.r_qf.,cf.osb&fp=7b1947f2ebce4c9d&biw=1024&bih=475 |title=Google search results for terms ''o'connor Bermuda'', with ''About 8,700,000 results'' |access-date=11 November 2016 |archive-date=27 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200927051618/https://www.google.com/#hl=en&sclient=psy-ab&q=o'connor+Bermuda&oq=o'connor+Bermuda&aq=f&aqi=&aql=&gs_sm=3&gs_upl=2774307l2780628l2l2780967l18l17l0l0l0l0l2078l7473l8-2.2l4l0&gs_l=hp.3...2774307l2780628l2l2780968l18l17l0l0l0l0l2078l7473l8-2j2l4l0.&pbx=1&bav=on.2,or.r_gc.r_pw.r_qf.,cf.osb&fp=7b1947f2ebce4c9d&biw=1024&bih=475 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.google.com/#hl=en&sclient=psy-ab&q=Crockwell+Bermuda&oq=Crockwell+Bermuda&aq=f&aqi=&aql=&gs_sm=3&gs_upl=0l0l1l248l0l0l0l0l0l2l1196l2165l6-1.1l2l0&gs_l=serp.3...0l0l1l249l0l0l0l0l0l2l1196l2165l6-1j1l2l0.frgbld.&pbx=1&bav=on.2,or.r_gc.r_pw.r_qf.,cf.osb&fp=7b1947f2ebce4c9d&biw=1024&bih=475 |title=Google search results for terms ''Crockwell Bermuda'', with ''About 131,000 results'' |access-date=11 November 2016 |archive-date=27 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200927051618/https://www.google.com/#hl=en&sclient=psy-ab&q=Crockwell+Bermuda&oq=Crockwell+Bermuda&aq=f&aqi=&aql=&gs_sm=3&gs_upl=0l0l1l248l0l0l0l0l0l2l1196l2165l6-1.1l2l0&gs_l=serp.3...0l0l1l249l0l0l0l0l0l2l1196l2165l6-1j1l2l0.frgbld.&pbx=1&bav=on.2,or.r_gc.r_pw.r_qf.,cf.osb&fp=7b1947f2ebce4c9d&biw=1024&bih=475 |url-status=live }}</ref> The strongest remaining Irish influence can be seen in the presence of bagpipes in the [[music of Bermuda]], which stemmed from the presence of Scottish and Irish soldiers from the 18th through 20th centuries. Several prominent businesses in Bermuda have a clear Irish influence, such as the Irish Linen Shop, Tom Moore's Tavern and Flanagan's Irish Pub and Restaurant.

A succession of Irish [[Masonic lodge]]s have existed in Bermuda, beginning with ''Military Lodge #192'', established by soldiers of the [[47th (Lancashire) Regiment of Foot|47th Regiment of Foot]], and operating in Bermuda from 1793 to 1801. This was an ambulatory or travelling lodge, as with other military lodges, moving with its members. Irish Lodges #220 (also a military travelling lodge) was active in Bermuda from 1856 to 1861, and Irish Lodge #209 was established in Bermuda in 1881. Minder Lodge #63 of the Irish Constitution was in Bermuda with the 20th Regiment of Foot from 1841 to 1847. The Hannibal Lodge #224 of the Irish Constitution was warranted in 1867, and still exists, meeting in the Masonic Hall on Old Maid's Lane, [[St. George's, Bermuda|St. George's]]. Another Hannibal Chapter, #123 of the Irish Constitution, was chartered in 1877, but lasted only until 1911.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://bermudafreemasons.org/history-of-irish-freemasonry-in-bermuda/ |title=Website of Hannibal Lodge #224: ''History of Irish Freemasonry in Bermuda'' |access-date=13 July 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150713222141/http://bermudafreemasons.org/history-of-irish-freemasonry-in-bermuda/ |archive-date=13 July 2015 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
[[File:Ireland Island Woodcut.jpg|thumb|center|upright=3.2|An 1848 woodcut of [[Royal Naval Dockyard, Bermuda|HMD Bermuda]], [[Ireland Island, Bermuda|Ireland Island]], Bermuda.]]

===Brazil===

The first known Irish settler in Brazil was a missionary, [[Thomas Field (Catholic priest)|Thomas Field]], who arrived to Brazil in late 1577 and spent three years in Piratininga (present-day [[São Paulo]]). In 1612, the Irish brothers Philip and James Purcell established a colony in Tauregue, at the mouth of the Amazon river,  where English, Dutch, and French settlements were also established.<ref name=History>{{cite web|url=http://www.irlandeses.org/brazil.htm|title=Murray, Edmundo, &quot;Brazil and Ireland&quot - Irish in Brazil|website=irlandeses.org|access-date=2018-04-05|archive-date=14 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170814144737/http://www.irlandeses.org/brazil.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> Many of the colonists traded in tobacco, dyes, and hardwoods. A second group of Irish settlers led by Bernardo O'Brien of County Clare arrived in 1620.<ref name=History /> The first recorded Saint Patrick's Day celebration was on 17 March 1770.<ref name=History />

During the [[Cisplatine War]], Brazil sent recruiters to Ireland to recruit men as soldiers for the war against [[Argentina]]. Any Irish that signed up for the Brazilian army were promised that if they enlisted they would be given a grant of land after five years of service. Approximately 2,400 men were recruited and when they arrived in Brazil (many with their families), they were completely neglected by the government. The Irish mutinied together with a German regiment, and for a few days there was open warfare on the streets of [[Rio de Janeiro]]. While most were ultimately sent home or re-emigrated to [[Canada]] or Argentina, some did stay and were sent to form a colony in the province of [[Bahia]].<ref name=History />

Several attempts were made by Brazil to bring in more Irish immigrants to settle in the country, however, much of the land given to the settlers was porous or in extremely remote locations. Many of the Irish settlers died or re-emigrated to other countries. At the same time, several prominent Irish figures served in diplomatic posts in Brazil for the [[United Kingdom]] (as Ireland was part of the [[British Empire]]). Irish nationalist and British diplomat [[Roger Casement]], served as British Consul in [[Santos, São Paulo|Santos]], [[Belém]], and in [[Rio de Janeiro]].<ref name="independent">{{cite web|url=https://www.independent.ie/regionals/wicklowpeople/news/an-insight-into-life-of-casement-34779750.html|title=An insight into life of Casement|website=Independent.ie|date=10 June 2016|access-date=2018-04-05|archive-date=19 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230919055618/https://www.independent.ie/regionals/wicklowpeople/news/an-insight-into-life-of-casement-34779750.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Canada===
{{Main|Irish Canadians}}
{{See also|Irish Quebecers|Irish Newfoundlanders}}
The 2006 census by Statcan, Canada's Official Statistical office revealed that the Irish were the 4th largest ethnic group with 4,354,155 Canadians with full or partial Irish descent or 14% of the nation's total population.<ref>Paul Magocsi, ed. ''Encyclopedia of Canada's Peoples'' (1999) p. 463</ref> During the 2016 census by Statistics Canada, the Irish ethnicity retained its spot as the 4th largest ethnic group with 4,627,000 Canadians with full or partial Irish descent.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2016/dp-pd/hlt-fst/imm/Table.cfm?Lang=E&T=31&Geo=01&SO=4D|title=Immigration and Ethnocultural Diversity Highlight Tables – Ethnic Origin, both sexes, age (total), Canada, 2016 Census – 25% Sample data|first=Government of Canada, Statistics|last=Canada|website=12.statcan.gc.ca|date=25 October 2017|access-date=11 January 2018|archive-date=27 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171027195802/http://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2016/dp-pd/hlt-fst/imm/Table.cfm?Lang=E&T=31&Geo=01&SO=4D|url-status=live}}</ref>

After the permanent settlement in Newfoundland by Irish in the late 18th and early 19th century, overwhelmingly from [[County Waterford]], increased immigration of the Irish elsewhere in Canada began in the decades following the [[War of 1812]] and formed a significant part of [[The Great Migration of Canada]]. Between 1825 and 1845, 60% of all immigrants to Canada were Irish; in 1831 alone, some 34,000 arrived in Montreal.

Between 1830 and 1850, 624,000 Irish arrived; in contextual terms, at the end of this period, the population of the provinces of Canada was 2.4 million. Besides [[Upper Canada]] (Ontario), [[Lower Canada]] (Quebec), the Maritime colonies of [[Nova Scotia]], [[Prince Edward Island]] and [[New Brunswick]], especially [[Saint John, New Brunswick|Saint John]], were arrival points. Not all remained; many out-migrated to the United States or to Western Canada in the decades that followed. Few returned to Ireland.

Many [[Newfoundland (island)|Newfoundlanders]] are of Irish descent. It is estimated that about 80% of Newfoundlanders have Irish ancestry on at least one side of their family tree. The family names, the predominant Roman Catholic religion, the prevalence of Irish music – even the accents of the people – are so reminiscent of rural Ireland that Irish author [[Tim Pat Coogan]] has described Newfoundland as ''"the most Irish place in the world outside Ireland"''.<ref name="Wherever Green Is Worn">[[Tim Pat Coogan]], "Wherever Green Is Worn: The Story of the Irish Diaspora", Palgrave Macmillan, 2002.</ref> [[Newfoundland Irish]], the dialect of the [[Irish language]] specific to the island was widely spoken until the mid-20th century. It is very similar to the language heard in the southeast of Ireland centuries ago, due to mass emigration from counties [[County Tipperary|Tipperary]], [[County Waterford|Waterford]], [[County Wexford|Wexford]], [[County Kerry|Kerry]] and [[County Cork|Cork]].

[[Saint John, New Brunswick]], claims the distinction of being Canada's most Irish city, according to census records. There have been Irish settlers in [[New Brunswick]] since at least the late 18th century, but during the peak of the [[Great Irish Famine]] (1845–1847), thousands of Irish emigrated through Partridge Island in the port of Saint John. Most of these Irish were Roman Catholic, who changed the complexion of the Loyalist city. A large, vibrant Irish community can also be found in the [[Miramichi Valley|Miramichi]] region of [[New Brunswick]].

[[Guysborough County]], Nova Scotia has many rural Irish villages. Erinville (which means Irishville), Salmon River, Ogden, Bantry (named after [[Bantry Bay]], [[County Cork]], Ireland but now abandoned and grown up in trees) among others, where Irish last names are prevalent and the accent is reminiscent of the [[Irish people|Irish]] as well as the music, traditions, religion ([[Roman Catholic]]), and the love of Ireland itself. Some of the Irish counties from which these people arrived were [[County Kerry]] ([[Dingle Peninsula]]), [[County Cork]], and [[County Roscommon]], along with others.

[[Quebec]] is also home to a large Irish community, especially in [[Montreal]], where the Irish [[shamrock]] is featured on the [[flag of Montreal|municipal flag]]. Notably, thousands of Irish emigrants during the Famine passed through [[Grosse Isle]] near Québec City, where many succumbed to [[typhus]]. Most of the Irish who settled near Québec City are now French speakers.

Irish Catholic settlers also opened up new agricultural areas in the recently surveyed [[Eastern Townships]], the [[Ottawa Valley]], and [[Gatineau]] and [[Pontiac, Quebec|Pontiac]] counties. Irish from Quebec would also settle in communities such as Frampton, Saint Sylvestre, and Saint Patrick in the Beauce region of southeastern Quebec.<ref name="McGowan2">{{cite encyclopedia|author=Mark G. Mcgowan |title=Irish Catholics: Migration, Arrival, and Settlement before the Great Famine |encyclopedia=The Encyclopedia of Canada's Peoples |publisher=Multicultural Canada |access-date=2012-04-25 |url=http://www.multiculturalcanada.ca/Encyclopedia/A-Z/i8/2 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120307135602/http://multiculturalcanada.ca/Encyclopedia/A-Z/i8/2 |archive-date=2012-03-07 }}</ref>

[[Ontario]] has over 2 million people of Irish descent, who in greater numbers arrived in the 1820s and the decades that followed to work on colonial infrastructure and to settle land tracts in Upper Canada, the result today is a countryside speckled with the place names of Ireland. Ontario received a large number of those who landed in Quebec during the Famine years, many thousands died in Ontario's ports. Irish-born became the majority in [[Toronto]] by 1851.

===Caribbean===
From the 1620s, many of the Irish Roman Catholic merchant class in this period migrated voluntarily to the West Indies to avail of the business opportunities there occasioned by the trade in sugar, tobacco and cotton. They were followed by landless Irish indentured labourers, who were recruited to serve a landowner for a specified time before receiving freedom and land. The descendants of some Irish immigrants are known today in the West Indies as [[redlegs]]. Most descendants of these Irishmen moved off the islands as [[African slavery]] was implemented and blacks began to replace whites. Many Barbadian-born Irishmen helped establish the [[Province of Carolina|Carolina colony]] in the United States.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.barbados.org/usa_bdos.htm|title=USA – Barbados Ties|first=Barbados.org Travel|last=Guide|website=Barbados.org|access-date=11 January 2018|archive-date=24 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240124000040/https://barbados.org/usa_bdos.htm|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>[https://www.nytimes.com/books/first/r/robertson-vesey.html "The Buried History of America's Largest Slave Rebellion and the Man Who Led It"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170406110842/http://www.nytimes.com/books/first/r/robertson-vesey.html |date=6 April 2017 }} ''[[The New York Times]]''</ref>

After [[the Cromwellian conquest of Ireland]] Irish prisoners were forcibly transferred to English colonies in the Americas and sold into [[Irish indentured servants|indentured servitude]], a practice that came to be known as being ''Barbadosed'',<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/empire_seapower/barbados_01.shtml |title=''Slavery and Economy in Barbados'', by Dr Karl Watson. BBC |access-date=21 December 2019 |archive-date=12 February 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120212022845/http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/empire_seapower/barbados_01.shtml |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>[https://glc.yale.edu/sites/default/files/files/Barbados.pdf ''Barbadosed: Africans and Irish in Barbados''. Tangled Roots. The Gilder Lehrman Center for the Study of Slavery, Resistance, and Abolition. Yale University]{{Dead link|date=January 2020 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> though Barbados was not the only colony to receive Irish prisoners, with those sent to [[Montserrat]] being the best known.<ref name=Connection>{{cite web|url=http://www.everyculture.com/Ma-Ni/Montserrat.html|title=Culture of Montserrat – history, people, clothing, beliefs, food, customs, family, social, marriage|website=Everyculture.com|access-date=11 January 2018|archive-date=19 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230919055641/https://www.everyculture.com/Ma-Ni/Montserrat.html|url-status=live}}</ref> To this day, Montserrat is the only country or territory in the world, apart from the Republic of Ireland, Northern Ireland and the Canadian province of [[Newfoundland and Labrador|Newfoundland]] to observe a public holiday on [[St Patrick's Day]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.travelvideo.tv/news/caribbean/09-28-2009/montserrat-hosts-first-ever-volcano-half-marathon|title=Montserrat Hosts First Ever Volcano Half Marathon|date=28 September 2009|publisher=Travel Video News|access-date=2 October 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091004121527/http://www.travelvideo.tv/news/caribbean/09-28-2009/montserrat-hosts-first-ever-volcano-half-marathon|archive-date=4 October 2009|url-status=dead}}</ref> The population is predominantly of mixed Irish and African descent.<ref name="trisranch.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.trisranch.com/id82.html|title=Trisranch|website=Trisranch.com|access-date=11 January 2018|archive-date=31 May 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230531001048/https://www.trisranch.com/id82.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://freepages.genealogy.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~dgarvey/Garvey_us_census/Montserrat.html|title=RootsWeb.com Home Page|website=Freepages.genealogy.rootsweb.ancestry.com|access-date=11 January 2018|archive-date=9 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230709220425/http://freepages.genealogy.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~dgarvey/Garvey_us_census/Montserrat.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

====Puerto Rico====
{{Main|Irish immigration to Puerto Rico}}
Irish immigrants played an instrumental role in Puerto Rico's economy. One of the most important industries of the island was the sugar industry. Among the successful businessmen in this industry were Miguel Conway, who owned a plantation in the town of [[Hatillo, Puerto Rico|Hatillo]] and Juan Nagle whose plantation was located in [[Río Piedras]]. General [[Alexander O'Reilly]], "Father of the Puerto Rican Militia", named Tomas O'Daly chief engineer of modernising the defences of San Juan, this included the fortress of [[Fort San Cristóbal (Puerto Rico)|San Cristóbal]].<ref name = "Irish"/> Tomas O'Daly and Miguel Kirwan were partners in the "Hacienda San Patricio", which they named after the [[patron saint]] of Ireland, [[Saint Patrick]]. A relative of O'Daly, [[Demetrio O'Daly]], succeeded Captain [[Ramon Power y Giralt]] as the island's delegate to the Spanish Courts. The plantation no longer exists; however, the land in which the plantation was located is now a San Patricio suburb with a shopping mall by the same name. The Quinlan family established two plantations, one in the town of [[Toa Baja, Puerto Rico|Toa Baja]] and the other in [[Loíza, Puerto Rico|Loíza]].<ref>[http://www.rootsweb.com/~prsanjua/reme.htm Remembering the Past] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070304084419/http://www.rootsweb.com/~prsanjua/reme.htm |date= 4 March 2007 }}</ref> Puerto Ricans of Irish descent were also instrumental in the development of the island's tobacco industry. Among them Miguel Conboy who was a founder of the tobacco trade in Puerto Rico.<ref name="Irish">{{cite web|url=https://www.angelfire.com/wi/shamrockclubwisc/Reflections/page102.html|title=Emerald Reflections Online|website=Angelfire.com|access-date=11 January 2018|archive-date=19 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230919055626/https://www.angelfire.com/wi/shamrockclubwisc/Reflections/page102.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

Other notable places in the Caribbean include:
* [[Antigua and Barbuda]] 
* [[Irish immigration to Barbados|Barbados]]
* [[Irish people in Jamaica|Jamaica]]
* [[Irish immigration to Saint Kitts and Nevis|Saint Kitts and Nevis]]
* [[Saint Lucia]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.irlandeses.org/0711novillo1.htm|title=Novillo-Corvalan, Patricia, "Literary Migrations: Homer's Journey through Joyce's Ireland and Walcott's Saint Lucia"|website=Irlandeses.org|access-date=11 January 2018|archive-date=19 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230919055618/http://www.irlandeses.org/0711novillo1.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>
* [[Trinidad and Tobago]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.trinidadexpress.com/news/When_the_Irish_came-115452139.html|title=When the Irish came|date=6 February 2011|website=Trindadexpress.com|access-date=11 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180112042752/http://www.trinidadexpress.com/news/When_the_Irish_came-115452139.html|archive-date=12 January 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref>

=== Colombia ===
The presence and impact of the Irish in Colombia dates back to the time of Spanish rule, when in different historical periods they migrated to the [[Iberian Peninsula]] and from there to the American continent, enlisted in the colonization, trade, army and administration companies. One episode in which this group had a special impact was the colonization of the Darien ([[Gulf of Urabá]]) in 1788. In this place 64 families and 50 single individuals from [[North America]] were established, to which were added families from the interior. Of these families, 28 were of Irish origin, which shows their numerical importance and valuation as an emerging social group within the Hispanic world.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=News & Events – Irlandeses en Colombia y Antioquia – Department of Foreign Affairs |url=https://www.dfa.ie/irish-embassy/colombia/newsevents/irlandeses-en-colombia-y-antioquia-.html |access-date=2022-03-25 |website=www.dfa.ie |archive-date=26 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220826014128/https://www.dfa.ie/irish-embassy/colombia/newsevents/irlandeses-en-colombia-y-antioquia-.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

There is no doubt that the greatest concentration and contributions to the country occurred during the emancipation campaigns. It is enough to look at the list drawn up by researcher Matthew Brown to understand their importance and impact, for out of some 6,808 Europeans, the Irish represented 48%; we are talking about more than 3,000 Irish who fought to give freedom to Colombia. These would have come enlisted in the Irish Legion, where they were famous officers like: Casey, Devereux, Egan, Ferguson, Foley, Lanagan, Rooke, Larkin, McCarthy, Murphy, O'Leary, O'Connell, O'Connor and Sanders.<ref name=":1" />

Once the wars of Independence were over, a good portion of them would have remained to form part of the Colombian army. Others, on the other hand, would have abandoned military life to integrate into society as businessmen, merchants, musicians, doctors, poets, miners and settlers. The economic sector in which the Irish participated the most was mining: they formed small mining colonies in the north and south of [[Antioquia Department|Antioquia]]. In the middle of the century, the English miner Tyrell Moore, presented to the Sovereign State of Antioquia a project to colonize with 200 Irish families in the [[Northern Antioquia|north]] and [[Bajo Cauca Antioquia|lower]] Cauca, an intention that apparently met with local disapproval and added to other logistical problems made its materialization impossible. But the largest mining colony was established in the south (currently [[Caldas Department|Caldas department]]), in towns such as [[Marmato, Caldas|Marmato]] and [[Supía, Caldas|Supía]]. Among the hundreds of British, French, German and Swedish miners who moved there were some Irishmen such as Eduardo MacAllister, Joseph Raphson, Nicolas Fitzgerald, Juan O'Byrne, David Davis and the Nicholls.<ref name=":1" />

In addition, this immigration has been highlighted in dozens of literary and academic works, the most important of which are: Irish Blood in [[Antioquia Department|Antioquia]] (''Sangre irlandesa en Antioquia)'', by Aquiles Echeverri, Irish descendant; The Mysters of the Mines (''Los místeres de las minas)'', by Alvaro Gartner and The Sanctuary: Global History of a Battle (''El Santuario: Historia global de una batalla)'', by Matthew Brown. For all of the above, it is evident that Irish immigration has not been alien to us and its presence, traces and impact also constitute an important part of our past and historical and cultural heritage.<ref name=":1" />

===Chile===
{{Main|Irish Chilean}}
Many of the [[Flight of the Wild Geese|Wild Geese]], expatriate Irish soldiers who had gone to Spain, or their descendants, continued on to its colonies in South America. Many of them rose to prominent positions in the Spanish governments there. In the 1820s, some of them helped liberate the continent. [[Bernardo O'Higgins]] was the first [[President of Chile|Supreme director]] of [[Chile]]. When Chilean troops occupied [[Lima]] during the War of the Pacific in 1881, they put in charge certain [[Patricio Lynch]], whose grandfather came from Ireland to Argentina and then moved to Chile. Other Latin American countries that have Irish settlement include [[Puerto Rico]] and [[Colombia]].

===Mexico===
{{Main|Irish Mexican}}
The [[County Wexford]] born [[William Lamport]], better known to most Mexicans as Guillén de Lampart, was a precursor of the Independence movement and author of the first proclamation of independence in the New World. His statue stands today inside the column of the Angel of Independence in [[Mexico City]], Mexico.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2022-01-17 |title=Did you know about the Irishman hidden inside the column of the Angel of Independence in CDMX |url=https://themexicocitypost.com/2022/01/17/did-you-know-about-the-irishman-hidden-inside-the-column-of-the-angel-of-independence-in-cdmx/,%20https://themexicocitypost.com/2022/01/17/did-you-know-about-the-irishman-hidden-inside-the-column-of-the-angel-of-independence-in-cdmx/ |access-date=2024-07-15 |website=The Mexico City Post |language=en-US}}</ref> [[Juan O'Donojú|Juan de O'Donojú y O'Ryan]], of Irish descent, was the last Viceroy of New Spain (Mexico), died and is buried in Mexico City.

Among the most famous Irishmen in Mexican history are "Los Patricios" of [[Saint Patrick's Battalion]]. Many communities existed in [[Mexican Texas]] until the [[Texas Revolution|revolution]] there, when they sided with Roman Catholic Mexico against Protestant pro-US elements. The ''[[Saint Patrick's Battalion|Batallón de San Patricio]]'', a battalion of US troops who deserted and fought alongside the [[Mexican Army]] against the United States in the [[Mexican–American War]] of 1846–1848, is well known in [[History of Mexico|Mexican history]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=During the Mexican-American War, Irish-Americans Fought for Mexico in the 'Saint Patrick's Battalion'|url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/mexican-american-war-irish-immigrants-deserted-us-army-fight-against-america-180971713/|access-date=2020-08-21|website=Smithsonian Magazine|language=en|archive-date=14 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240114232726/https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/mexican-american-war-irish-immigrants-deserted-us-army-fight-against-america-180971713/|url-status=live}}</ref> The most well known of these was [[John Riley (soldier)|Major John Riley]]. 

Mexico also has a large number of people of Irish ancestry, among them the actor [[Anthony Quinn]]. There are monuments in Mexico City paying tribute to those Irish who fought for Mexico in the 19th century. There is a monument to Los Patricios in the fort of Churubusco. During the [[Great Famine (Ireland)|Great Famine]], thousands of Irish immigrants entered the country. Other notable Mexicans of Irish descent are [[Romulo O'Farril]], [[Juan O'Gorman]], and [[Edmundo O'Gorman]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-02-19 |title=Rómulo O'Farrill, Jr {{!}} University of Limerick |url=https://www.ul.ie/ceremonies/r%C3%B3mulo-ofarrill-jr |access-date=2025-02-11 |website=www.ul.ie |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Juan O'Gorman, architect behind Mexico City's most intriguing buildings |url=https://www.irishtimes.com/life-and-style/abroad/juan-o-gorman-architect-behind-mexico-city-s-most-intriguing-buildings-1.3736691 |access-date=2025-02-11 |newspaper=The Irish Times |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hale |first=Charles A. |date=2004 |title=Edmundo O'Gorman, Mexican National History and the 'Great American Dichotomy' |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/3875427 |journal=Journal of Latin American Studies |volume=36 |issue=1 |pages=131–145 |doi=10.1017/S0022216X03007107 |jstor=3875427 |issn=0022-216X}}</ref>

===United States===
{{Main|Irish Americans}}
The first Irish came to modern day America during the 1600s mostly to Virginia and mostly indentured servants.
The diaspora to the United States was immortalised in the words of many songs including the Irish [[ballad]], "The Green Fields of America":

<blockquote><poem>
So pack up your sea-stores, consider no longer,
Ten dollars a week is not very bad pay,
With no taxes or tithes to devour up your wages,
When you're on the green fields of Americay.
</poem></blockquote>

The experience of Irish immigrants in the United States has not always been harmonious. The US did not have a good relationship with most of the incoming Irish because of their Roman Catholic faith, as the majority of the population was Protestant and had been originally formed by offshoots of the Protestant faith, many of whom were from the north of Ireland (Ulster).<ref>Patricia I. Folan Sebben, "U.S. Immigration Law, Irish Immigration and Diversity: Cead Mile Failte (A Thousand Times Welcome)", in ''Georgetown Immigration Law Journal'', Vol. 6 Issue 4 (1992): 750</ref> So it came as no surprise that the federal government issued new immigration acts, adding to previous ones which limited Eastern European immigration, ones which limited the immigration of the Irish.<ref>Patricia I. Folan Sebben, "U.S. Immigration Law, Irish Immigration and Diversity: Cead Mile Failte (A Thousand Times Welcome)", in ''Georgetown Immigration Law Journal'', Vol. 6 Issue 4 (1992): 751–752.</ref>

Those who were successful in coming over from Ireland were for the most part already good farmers and other hard labour workers, so the jobs they were taking were plentiful in the beginning. However, as time went on and the land needed less cultivation, the jobs the new Irish immigrants were taking were those that Americans wanted as well.<ref>Patricia I. Folan Sebben, "U.S. Immigration Law, Irish Immigration and Diversity: Cead Mile Failte (A Thousand Times Welcome)", in Georgetown Immigration Law Journal, Vol. 6 Issue 4 (1992): 750.</ref> 
In most cases, Irish newcomers were sometimes uneducated and often found themselves competing with Americans for manual labour jobs or, in the 1860s, being recruited from the docks by the US Army to serve in the [[American Civil War]] and afterward to build the Union Pacific Railroad.<ref>{{cite book|last=Collins|first=R.M.|title=Irish Gandy Dancer: A tale of building the Transcontinental Railroad|year=2010|publisher=Create Space|location=Seattle|isbn=978-1-4528-2631-8|page=198}}</ref> This view of the Irish-American experience is depicted by another traditional song, "Paddy's Lamentation."

<blockquote><poem>
Hear me boys, now take my advice,
To America I'll have ye's not be going,
There is nothing here but war, where the murderin' cannons roar,
And I wish I was at home in dear old Ireland.
</poem></blockquote>

The classic image of an Irish immigrant is led to a certain extent by racist and anti-[[Roman Catholic|Catholic]] stereotypes. In modern times, in the United States, the Irish are largely perceived as hard workers. Most notably they are associated with the positions of police officer, [[firefighter]], [[Roman Catholic Church]] leaders and politicians in the larger [[East Coast of the United States|Eastern Seaboard]] metropolitan areas. Irish Americans number over 35 million, making them the second largest reported ethnic group in the country, after [[German American]]s. Historically, large Irish American communities have been found in [[Philadelphia]]; Chicago; [[Boston]]; New York City; [[New York (state)|New York]]; Detroit; [[New England]]; [[Washington, D.C.]]; [[Baltimore]]; [[Pittsburgh]]; [[Cleveland]]; [[St. Paul, Minnesota]]; [[Buffalo, New York|Buffalo]]; [[Broome County]]; [[Butte, Montana|Butte]]; [[Dubuque, Iowa|Dubuque]]; [[Quincy, Massachusetts|Quincy]]; [[Dublin, Ohio|Dublin]]; [[Hartford, Connecticut|Hartford]]; [[New Haven]]; [[Waterbury]]; [[Providence, Rhode Island|Providence]]; [[Kansas City, Missouri|Kansas City]]; [[New Orleans]]; [[Savannah, Georgia|Savannah]]; [[Braintree, Massachusetts|Braintree]]; [[Weymouth, Massachusetts|Weymouth]]; [[Norfolk, Virginia|Norfolk]]; [[Nashville, Tennessee|Nashville]]; [[Scranton]]; [[Wilkes-Barre, Pennsylvania|Wilkes-Barre]]; [[O'Fallon, Missouri|O'Fallon]]; [[Tampa]]; [[Hazleton, Pennsylvania|Hazleton]]; [[Worcester, Massachusetts|Worcester]]; [[Lowell, Massachusetts|Lowell]]; [[Los Angeles]]; and the [[San Francisco Bay Area]]. Many cities across the country have annual St Patrick's Day parades; [[Saint Patrick's Day#Parades|The nation's largest is in New York City]]—one of the world's largest parades. The parade in Boston is closely associated with [[Evacuation Day (Massachusetts)|Evacuation Day]], when the British left Boston in 1776 during the [[American War of Independence]].

Before the [[Great Famine (Ireland)|Great Hunger]], in which over a million died and more emigrated,<ref>{{Cite book|last=O'Hara|first=Megan|title=Irish Immigrants: 1840–1920|publisher=Capstone Press|year=2002|pages=6, 10|location=Mankato, MN|series=Blue Earth Books: Coming to America|isbn=978-0-7368-0795-1}}</ref> there had been the [[Penal Laws (Ireland)|Penal Laws]] which had already resulted in significant emigration from Ireland.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.emmigration.info/irish-immigration-to-america.htm|title=Irish Immigration to America: History for kids ***|website=Emmigration.info|access-date=2017-02-16|archive-date=19 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230919064058/https://www.emmigration.info/irish-immigration-to-america.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>

According to the ''Harvard Encyclopedia of American Ethnic Groups'', in 1790 there were 400,000 Americans of Irish birth or ancestry out of a total white population of 3,100,000. Half of these Irish Americans were descended from Ulster people, and half were descended from the people of [[Connacht]], [[Leinster]] and [[Munster]].

According to US census figures from 2000, 41,000,000 Americans claim to be wholly or partly of Irish ancestry, a group that represents more than one in five white Americans. Some [[African Americans]] are part of the Irish diaspora, as they are descended from Irish or [[Scotch-Irish American|Scots-Irish]] slave owners and overseers who arrived in America during the colonial era.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Hess|first=Mary A.|title=Scottish and scots-irish americans|url=http://www.everyculture.com/multi/Pa-Sp/Scottish-and-Scotch-Irish-Americans.html|website=Everyculture.com|access-date=20 June 2014|archive-date=25 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180825040557/http://www.everyculture.com/multi/Pa-Sp/Scottish-and-Scotch-Irish-Americans.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Wiethoff|first=William E.|title=Crafting the Overseer's Image|publisher=University of South Carolina press.|page=71|date=2006|isbn=1-57003-646-2}}</ref> The US Census Bureau's data from 2016 reveals that Irish ancestry is one of the most common reported ancestries reported (in the top 3 most common ancestries reported). Even though Irish immigration is extremely small relative to the scope of current migration, Irish ancestry is one of the most common ancestries in the United States because of the events that took place over a century ago.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Community Facts |url=https://factfinder.census.gov/faces/nav/jsf/pages/index.xhtml |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150326060336/https://factfinder.census.gov/faces/nav/jsf/pages/index.xhtml |archive-date=March 26, 2015 |access-date=April 25, 2024}}</ref>

The enduring nature of [[Irish-American]] identity is exemplified by [[Saint Patrick's Day in the United States|the widespread celebration]] of [[St.Patrick's Day]], the national day of Ireland, across the United States. The traditional St. Patrick's Day parade having developed, in its modern form, in the United States itself.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.history.com/news/st-patricks-day-origins-america|title=How St. Patrick's Day Took on New Life in America|website=history.com|date=22 February 2023|access-date=18 March 2022|archive-date=19 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230919055618/https://www.history.com/news/st-patricks-day-origins-america|url-status=live}}</ref> The largest such parade in the world is the [[New York City St. Patrick's Day Parade]] which features in the region of 150,000 participants and 2,000,000 spectators annually, with thousands of parades of all sizes across the United States.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://abc7ny.com/archive/6024736/|title=St. Patrick's Day Parade strolls up 5th Avenue|website=ABC7 New York|date=March 17, 2008|access-date=18 March 2022|archive-date=24 June 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230624234626/https://abc7ny.com/archive/6024736/|url-status=live}}</ref>