Editing Ireland (section)

===Norman and English invasions===
{{Main|Anglo-Norman invasion of Ireland|History of Ireland (1169–1536)|Tudor conquest of Ireland}}
{{See also|Bruce campaign in Ireland}}
[[File:Trim Castle 6.jpg|thumb|Remains of the 12th-century [[Trim Castle]] in [[County Meath]], the largest [[Norman architecture|Norman castle]] in Ireland]]
On 1 May 1169, an expedition of [[Cambro-Norman]] knights, with an army of about 600 men, landed at [[Bannow|Bannow Strand]] in present-day [[County Wexford]]. It was led by [[Richard de Clare, 2nd Earl of Pembroke|Richard de Clare]], known as 'Strongbow' owing to his prowess as an archer.<ref>{{cite news |last=Chrisafis |first=Angelique |title=Scion of traitors and warlords: Why Bush is coy about his Irish links |work=[[The Guardian]] |date=25 January 2005 |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2005/jan/27/usa.angeliquechrisafis |access-date=8 November 2008 |location=London |archive-date=29 August 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130829003628/http://www.theguardian.com/world/2005/jan/27/usa.angeliquechrisafis |url-status=live }}</ref> The invasion, which coincided with a period of renewed Norman expansion, was at the invitation of [[Diarmait Mac Murchada|Dermot Mac Murrough]], [[Kings of Leinster|King of Leinster]].<ref>{{cite book |first=Charles |last=Previté-Orton |title=The Shorter Cambridge Medieval History |publisher=Cambridge University Press |date=1975 |page=[https://archive.org/details/shortercambridge0000prev/page/810 810] |isbn=978-0-521-09977-6 |url=https://archive.org/details/shortercambridge0000prev/page/810 }}</ref>

In 1166, Mac Murrough had fled to [[County of Anjou|Anjou]], France, following a war involving [[Tighearnán Ua Ruairc]], of [[Breifne]], and sought the assistance of the [[Angevin Empire|Angevin]] King [[King Henry II of England|Henry II]], in recapturing his kingdom. In 1171, Henry arrived in Ireland in order to review the general progress of the expedition. He wanted to re-exert royal authority over the invasion which was expanding beyond his control. Henry successfully re-imposed his authority over Strongbow and the Cambro-Norman warlords and persuaded many of the Irish kings to accept him as their overlord, an arrangement confirmed in the 1175 [[Treaty of Windsor 1175|Treaty of Windsor]].

The invasion was legitimised by reference to provisions of the alleged [[Papal Bull]] ''[[Laudabiliter]]'', issued by an Englishman, [[Pope Adrian IV|Adrian IV]], in 1155. The document apparently encouraged Henry to take control in Ireland in order to oversee the financial and administrative reorganisation of the [[Celtic Church|Irish Church]] and its integration into the Roman Church system.<ref name="Curtis 2002 49">{{Cite book |last=Curtis |first=Edmund |title=A History of Ireland from Earliest Times to 1922 |publisher=Routledge |location=New York |date=2002 |page=49 |isbn=978-0-415-27949-9}}</ref> Some restructuring had already begun at the ecclesiastical level following the [[Synod of Kells]] in 1152.<ref>{{cite book |first1=Ruth |last1=Edwards |display-authors=etal |title=An Atlas of Irish History |publisher=Routledge |date=2005 |page=106 |isbn=978-0-415-33952-0}}</ref> There has been significant controversy regarding the authenticity of ''Laudabiliter'',<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |last={{lang|ga|Ó Clabaigh}} |first=Colmán N. |date=2005 |title=Papacy |editor=Seán Duffy |encyclopedia=Medieval Ireland. An Encyclopedia |location=Abingdon and New York |pages=361–362}}</ref> and there is no general agreement as to whether the bull was genuine or a forgery.<ref>{{cite book |first1=John D. |last1=Hosler |display-authors=etal |title=Henry II: A Medieval Soldier at War, 1147–1189 |publisher=Brill Academic Publishers |date=2007 |page=239 |isbn=978-90-04-15724-8}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |first=Brenda |last=Bolton |title=Adrian IV, the English Pope, 1154–1159: Studies and Texts |publisher=Ashgate Publishing |date=2003 |page=149 |isbn=978-0-7546-0708-3}}</ref> Further, it had no standing in the Irish legal system.
[[File:Ireland 1450.png|thumb|left|Political boundaries in Ireland in 1450, before the [[plantations of Ireland|plantations]]]]

In 1172, Pope [[Pope Alexander III|Alexander III]] further encouraged Henry to advance the integration of the Irish Church with Rome. Henry was authorised to impose a tithe of one penny per hearth as an annual contribution. This church levy, called [[Peter's Pence]], is extant in Ireland as a voluntary donation. In turn, Henry assumed the title of [[Lord of Ireland]] which Henry conferred on his younger son, [[John Lackland]], in 1185. This defined the Anglo-Norman administration in Ireland as the [[Lordship of Ireland]].{{citation needed|date=February 2016}} When Henry's successor died unexpectedly in 1199, [[John of England|John]] inherited the crown of England and retained the Lordship of Ireland. Over the century that followed, Norman feudal law gradually replaced the Gaelic Brehon Law across large areas, so that by the late 13th century the [[Hiberno-Norman|Norman-Irish]] had established a feudal system throughout much of Ireland. Norman settlements were characterised by the establishment of baronies, manors, towns and the seeds of the modern county system. A version of [[Magna Carta]] (the [[Great Charter of Ireland]]), substituting ''Dublin'' for ''London'' and the ''Irish Church'' for, the English church at the time, the ''Catholic Church'', was published in 1216 and the [[Parliament of Ireland]] was founded in 1297.