Editing Invictus (section)

==Notable uses==
===History===
* In a speech to the [[House of Commons of the United Kingdom|House of Commons]] on 9 September 1941, [[Winston Churchill]] paraphrased the last two lines of the poem, stating "We are still masters of our fate. We still are captains of our souls."<ref>[http://www.winstonchurchill.org/resources/quotations/famous-quotations-and-stories "Famous Quotations and Stories"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151016074736/http://www.winstonchurchill.org/resources/quotations/famous-quotations-and-stories |date=2015-10-16 }}. Winston Churchill.org.</ref>
* [[Nelson Mandela]], while incarcerated at [[Maximum Security Prison, Robben Island|Robben Island prison]], recited the poem to other prisoners and was empowered by its message of self-mastery.<ref>{{Cite news
| title    = Nelson Mandela: a very short introduction | url     = https://books.google.com/books?id=2EFHq0C1LSAC&pg=PA157
| publisher  = Oxford University Press
| quote    = ''Invictus, taken on its own, Mandela clearly found his Victorian ethic of self-mastery'' | first=Elleke | last=Boehmer | year=2008|isbn = 9780192803016}}</ref><ref>Daniels, Eddie (1998) ''There and back''</ref>
* Former [[State Counsellor of Myanmar]] and [[Nobel Peace Prize|Nobel Peace]] laureate<ref>Independent, 8/30/17</ref> [[Aung San Suu Kyi]] stated: "This poem had inspired my father, Aung San, and his contemporaries during the independence struggle, as it also seemed to have inspired freedom fighters in other places at other times."<ref>Aung San Suu Kyi. 2011. "[http://downloads.bbc.co.uk/rmhttp/radio4/transcripts/2011_reith1.pdf Securing Freedom] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305014348/http://downloads.bbc.co.uk/rmhttp/radio4/transcripts/2011_reith1.pdf |date=2016-03-05 }}" (lecture transcript). ''[[Reith Lectures]]'', Lecture 1: Liberty. UK [[BBC Radio 4]].</ref>
* The poem was read by [[U.S. prisoners of war during the Vietnam War]]. [[James Stockdale]] recalls being passed the last stanza, written with rat droppings on toilet paper, from fellow prisoner David Hatcher.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Stockdale|first1=James|title=Courage Under Fire: Testing Epictetus's Doctrines in a Laboratory of Human Behavior|url=http://media.hoover.org/sites/default/files/documents/StockdaleCourage.pdf|website=Hoover Institution, Stanford|date=1993|access-date=2014-12-31|archive-date=2020-10-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201019024408/https://media.hoover.org/sites/default/files/documents/StockdaleCourage.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>
* The phrase "bloody, but unbowed" was the headline used by the ''[[Daily Mirror]]'' on the day after the [[7 July 2005 London bombings]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.mirror.co.uk/news/uk-news/|title=UK News|website=mirror|access-date=2021-07-17|archive-date=2023-10-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231014073346/https://www.mirror.co.uk/news/uk-news/|url-status=live}}</ref>
* The poem's last stanza was quoted by U.S. President [[Barack Obama]] at the end of his speech at the memorial service of Nelson Mandela in South Africa (10 December 2013), and published on the front cover of the 14 December 2013 issue of ''[[The Economist]]''.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.economist.com/printedition/2013-12-14|access-date=10 January 2014|title=The Economist Dec 14th, 2013|newspaper=[[The Economist]]|archive-date=2014-01-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140109214801/http://www.economist.com/printedition/2013-12-14|url-status=live}}</ref>
* The poem was chosen by [[Oklahoma City bombing|Oklahoma City bomber]] [[Timothy McVeigh]] as his final statement before his execution.<ref>{{cite news|title=Execution of an American Terrorist|work=Court TV|last=Quayle|first=Catherine|date=June 11, 2001|url=http://www.cnn.com/2007/US/law/12/17/court.archive.mcveigh5/index.html#cnnSTCText|access-date=February 6, 2012|archive-date=December 1, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141201205136/http://www.cnn.com/2007/US/law/12/17/court.archive.mcveigh5/index.html#cnnSTCText|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Timothy McVeigh Put to Death for Oklahoma City Bombings|work=FOX News|last=Cosby|first=Rita|date=June 12, 2001|url=https://www.foxnews.com/story/timothy-mcveigh-put-to-death-for-oklahoma-city-bombings|access-date=April 15, 2008|archive-date=April 13, 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080413215719/http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,26904,00.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2001-06-11 |title=McVeigh's final statement |url=http://www.theguardian.com/world/2001/jun/11/mcveigh.usa1 |access-date=2022-11-16 |website=the Guardian |language=en}}</ref>
* The perpetrator of the  [[Christchurch mosque shootings]] in New Zealand in 2019 cited "Invictus"''.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kornhaber |first=Spencer |date=2019-03-16 |title=When Poems of Resilience Get Twisted for Terrorism |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/entertainment/archive/2019/03/new-zealand-shooting-manifesto-poems-dylan-thomas/585079/ |access-date=2022-11-16 |website=The Atlantic |language=en |archive-date=2022-11-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221121100354/https://www.theatlantic.com/entertainment/archive/2019/03/new-zealand-shooting-manifesto-poems-dylan-thomas/585079/ |url-status=live }}</ref>''
* According to his sister, before becoming a civil rights leader, Congressman [[John Lewis]] used to recite the poem as a teenager and continued to refer to it for inspiration throughout his life.<ref>"[https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/2020/07/18/invictus-was-among-john-lewiss-favorite-poems-it-captures-his-indomitable-spirit/?hpid=hp_save-opinions-float-right-4-0_opinion-card-d-right%3Ahomepage%2Fstory-ans ‘Invictus’ was among John Lewis’s favorite poems. It captures his indomitable spirit.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200718224314/https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/2020/07/18/invictus-was-among-john-lewiss-favorite-poems-it-captures-his-indomitable-spirit/?hpid=hp_save-opinions-float-right-4-0_opinion-card-d-right:homepage/story-ans |date=2020-07-18 }}." ''The Washington Post''. 17 July 2020.</ref>
* Verse "Out of the night that covers me" and phrases "Bloody, but unbowed" and "Captain of my soul" are used as titles of all three parts of [[Prince Harry, Duke of Sussex|Prince Harry's]] memoir [[Spare (memoir)|''Spare'']] (published in 2023). The poem is also mentioned as the author reminisces his involvement in the [[Invictus Games]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Duke of Sussex |first=Prince Harry |title=Spare |publisher=[[Penguin Random House]] |year=2023 |isbn=9780593593806}}</ref>

=== Literature ===
* In [[Oscar Wilde]]'s ''[[De Profundis (letter)|De Profundis]]'' letter in 1897, he reminisces that "I was no longer the Captain of my soul."
* In Book Five, chapter III ("The Self-Sufficiency of Vertue") of his early autobiographical work, ''[[The Pilgrim's Regress]]'' (1933), [[C. S. Lewis]] included a quote from the last two lines (paraphrased by the character Vertue): "I cannot put myself under anyone's orders. I must be the captain of my soul and the master of my fate. But thank you for your offer."
* In [[W. E. B. Du Bois]]' ''The Quest of the Silver Fleece'', the last stanza is sent anonymously from one character to another to encourage him to stay strong in the face of tests to his manhood.
* In "Jeeves and the Feudal Spirit," by P.G. Wodehouse, Jeeves refers to the phrase "bloody but unbowed" in relation to Bertie Wooster, highlighting Bertie's resilience despite his troubles. 
* The phrase "bloody, but unbowed" was quoted by [[Lord Peter Wimsey]] in [[Dorothy Sayers]]' novel ''[[Clouds of Witness]]'' (1926), referring to his (temporary) failure to exonerate his brother of the charge of murder.<ref>{{cite book|last=Sayers|first=Dorothy|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mtcMZhUWTqcC&q=clouds+of+witness+%22bloody+but+unbowed%22&pg=PA28|title=''Clouds of Witness''|date=1943|publisher=Classic Gems Publishing|page=28|access-date=2014-05-15}}{{Dead link|date=February 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>
* In [[Huey Long]]’s 1935 book ‘’[[My First Days in the White House]],’’ Huey Long fantasizes about a speculative cartoon published in the newspapers in which an unflattering image of himself among the words “Invictus.”
* The last line in the poem is used as the title for [[Gwen Harwood|Gwen Harwood's]] 1960 poem "I am the Captain of My Soul", which presents a different view of the titular captain.

=== Film ===
* In ''[[Casablanca (film)|Casablanca]]'' (1942), Captain Renault (played by [[Claude Rains]]) recites the last two lines of the poem when talking to Rick Blaine (played by [[Humphrey Bogart]]), referring to his power in [[Casablanca]]. While delivering the last line, he is called away by an aide to [[Gestapo]] officer Major Strasser.<ref>{{YouTube|id=IBJGHvt7I3c|title=Casablanca Movieclips excerpt}}</ref>
* In ''[[Kings Row]]'' (1942), psychiatrist Parris Mitchell (played by [[Robert Cummings]]) recites the first two stanzas of "Invictus" to his friend Drake McHugh (played by [[Ronald Reagan]]) before revealing to Drake that his legs were unnecessarily amputated by a cruel doctor.
* In ''[[Sunrise at Campobello]]'' (1960), the character Louis Howe (played by [[Hume Cronyn]]) reads the poem to Franklin D. Roosevelt (played by [[Ralph Bellamy]]). The recitation is at first light-hearted and partially in jest, but as it continues both men appear to realize the significance of the poem to Roosevelt's fight against his paralytic illness.
* [[Nelson Mandela]] is depicted in ''[[Invictus (film)|Invictus]]'' (2009) presenting a copy of the poem to [[Francois Pienaar]], captain of the national [[Springboks|South African]] rugby team, for inspiration during the [[Rugby World Cup]]—though at the actual event he gave Pienaar a text of "[[The Man in the Arena]]" passage from [[Theodore Roosevelt]]'s ''[[Citizenship in a Republic]]'' speech delivered in France in 1910.<ref>{{cite web|author=Dominic Sandbrook|date=30 January 2010|title=British leaders: they're not what they were|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/newstopics/politics/gordon-brown/7104500/British-leaders-theyre-not-what-they-were.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100201052521/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/newstopics/politics/gordon-brown/7104500/British-leaders-theyre-not-what-they-were.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=1 February 2010|publisher=The Daily Telegraph (UK)}}</ref>
* The last two lines "I am the master of my fate: I am the captain of my soul" are shown in a picture during the 25th minute of the film [[The Big Short (film)|''The Big Short'']] (2015)''.''
* ''[[Star Trek: Renegades]]'' (2015) opens with Lexxa Singh reciting the poem and writing it on the wall of her prison cell.

=== Television ===
* In the 5th episode of the 2nd season of ''[[Archer (2009 TV series)|Archer]]'', "[[List of Archer episodes#Season 2 (2011)|The Double Deuce]]" (2011), Woodhouse describes Reggie as "in the words of Henley, 'bloody, but unbowed'".
* In the 8th episode of the [[The Blacklist season 5|5th season]] of TV series ''[[The Blacklist]]'', "Ian Garvey", Raymond 'Red' Reddington (played by [[James Spader]]) reads the poem to Elizabeth Keen when she wakes up from a ten-month coma.
* In the 6th episode of the [[One Tree Hill season 3|third season]] of ''[[One Tree Hill (TV series)|One Tree Hill]]'', "[[Locked Hearts and Hand Grenades|Locked Hearts & Hand Grenades]]" (2006), Lucas Scott (played by [[Chad Michael Murray]]) references the poem in an argument with Haley James Scott (played by [[Bethany Joy Lenz]]) over his heart condition and playing basketball. The episode ends with Lucas reading the whole poem over a series of images that link the various characters to the themes of the poem.
* In season 1, episode 2 of ''[[New Amsterdam (2018 TV series)|New Amsterdam]]'', "Ritual", Dr. Floyd Reynolds (played by [[Jocko Sims]]) references the poem while prepping hands for surgery prior to a conversation with his fellow doctor Dr. Lauren Bloom (played by [[Janet Montgomery]]).
* In the episode "Interlude" of the series ''[[The Lieutenant]]'', the lead character and the woman he is infatuated with jointly recite the poem after she has said it is her favorite poem.  His reciting is flawed by lapses, which she fills in.
* In season 4, episode 14 of ''[[New Amsterdam (2018 TV series)|New Amsterdam]]'', "...Unto the Breach", Dr. Floyd Reynolds (played by [[Jocko Sims]]) recites the poem while prepping for surgery.
* In season 1, episode 3 of Hulu's [[Nine Perfect Strangers (TV series)|''Nine Perfect Strangers'']], Napoleon Marconi (played by [[Michael Shannon]]) references the poem in his one-on-one with Masha (played by [[Nicole Kidman]]) when referring to his son who died by suicide. Napoleon states, "Zach chose to be the master of his fate" referencing the line "I am the master of my fate; I am the captain of my soul" by Henley.
* In episode 22, season 5 of ''[[30 Rock]]'', “Everything Sunny All the Time Always”, Jack Donaghy quotes the last two lines of the poem in to Liz Lemon.

=== Sports ===
* [[Jerry Kramer]] recited the poem during his NFL [[List of Pro Football Hall of Fame inductees|Pro Football Hall of Fame]] induction speech.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Green Bay Packers|url=https://www.facebook.com/Packers/videos/10156574334651263/|access-date=2018-08-06|website=www.facebook.com|language=en|archive-date=2022-11-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221121100355/https://www.facebook.com/Packers/videos/10156574334651263/|url-status=live}}</ref>
* The [[Invictus Games]]—The Invictus games were founded by Prince Harry, the Ministry of Defense, and Sir Keith Mills. Prior to the inaugural games in London in 2014, entertainers including [[Daniel Craig]] and [[Tom Hardy]], and athletes including [[Louis Smith (gymnast)|Louis Smith]] and [[Iwan Thomas]], read the poem in a promotional video.<ref>{{cite web|title=Daniel Craig, Tom Hardy & Will.i.am recite 'Invictus' to support the Invictus Games|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZmLJAIQZv_Y| archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211211/ZmLJAIQZv_Y| archive-date=2021-12-11 | url-status=live|publisher=YouTube|access-date=9 May 2016|date=29 May 2014}}{{cbignore}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=When are Prince Harry's Invictus Games and what are they?|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2016/05/05/when-are-prince-harrys-invictus-games-and-what-are-they/|access-date=9 May 2016|work=[[The Daily Telegraph]]|date=8 May 2016|archive-date=3 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210103143027/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2016/05/05/when-are-prince-harrys-invictus-games-and-what-are-they/|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Video games ===
* The second stanza is recited by Lieutenant-Commander [[Ashley Williams (Mass Effect)|Ashley Williams]] in the 2012 video game ''[[Mass Effect 3]]''
* The game ''[[Sunless Sea]]'' features an "Invictus Token" for players who forgo the right to create backups of their current game state. The item text includes the last two lines of the poem.
* The poem was recited in an early commercial for the [[Microsoft]] [[Xbox One]].
* The game ''[[Robotics;Notes]]'' features the last two lines of the poem in its epigraph.

=== Music ===
* The lines "I am the master of my fate... I am the captain of my soul" are paraphrased in [[Lana Del Rey]]'s song "[[Lust for Life (Lana Del Rey song)|Lust for Life]]" featuring [[The Weeknd]]. The lyrics are changed from "I" to "we," alluding to a relationship.
* [[Belgium|Belgian]] Black / Folk Metal band [[Ancient Rites]] use the poem as a song on their album ''Rvbicon'' (Latin form of [[Rubicon]])
* The prominent classical contemporary Indonesian composer [[Ananda Sukarlan]] (b. 1968) made a song for soprano, cello and piano in 2023. It was premiered by the soprano Ratnaganadi Paramita in Jakarta, Indonesia.
* The [[Canada|Canadian]] [[Punk rock|punk]] band [[D.O.A. (band)|D.O.A.]] released a record entitled ''Bloodied but Unbowed (The Damage to Date 1978-83)'' in [[1983]].