Editing Indian independence movement (section)

==Movements==
===Partition of Bengal, 1905===
{{Main|Partition of Bengal (1905)}}
In July 1905, [[George Curzon, 1st Marquess Curzon of Kedleston|Lord Curzon]], the Viceroy and Governor-General (1899–1905), ordered the [[Partition of Bengal (1905)|partition of the province of Bengal]]. The stated aim was to improve administration.<ref>John R. McLane, "The Decision to Partition Bengal in 1905" ''Indian Economic and Social History Review,'' July 1965, 2#3, pp 221–237</ref> However, this was seen as an attempt to quench nationalistic sentiment through [[divide and rule]].  The Bengali Hindu intelligentsia exerted considerable influence on local and national politics. The partition outraged Bengalis. Widespread agitation ensued in the streets and in the press, and the Congress advocated boycotting British products under the banner of ''[[swadeshi]]'', or indigenous industries. A growing movement emerged, focussing on indigenous Indian industries, finance, and education, which saw the founding of [[National Council of Education]], the birth of Indian financial institutions and banks, as well as an interest in Indian culture and achievements in science and literature. Hindus showed unity by tying [[Raksha Bandhan|Rakhi]] on each other's wrists and observing ''Arandhan'' (not cooking any food). During this time, Bengali Hindu nationalists like [[Sri Aurobindo]], [[Bhupendranath Datta]], and [[Bipin Chandra Pal]] began writing virulent newspaper articles challenging the legitimacy of British rule in India in publications such as ''Jugantar'' and ''Sandhya'', and were charged with sedition.

The Partition also precipitated increasing activity from the then still Nascent militant nationalist [[revolutionary movement for Indian independence|revolutionary movement]], which was particularly gaining strength in Bengal and Maharashtra from the last decade of the 1800s.  In Bengal, {{Lang|bn-latn|[[Anushilan Samiti]]|italic=no}}, led by brothers Aurobindo and Barin Ghosh organised a number of attacks of figureheads of the Raj, culminating in the attempt on the life of a British judge in Muzaffarpur. This precipitated the [[Alipore bomb case]], whilst a number of revolutionaries were killed, or captured and put on trial. Revolutionaries like [[Khudiram Bose]], [[Prafulla Chaki]], Kanailal Dutt who were either killed or hanged became household names.<ref name="Guha">{{cite book |last=Guha |first=Arun Chandra |year=1971 |title=First Spark of Revolution |publisher=Orient Longman |pages=130–131 |oclc=254043308 |quote="They [Khudiram Basu and Prafulla Chaki] threw a bomb on a coach similar to that of Kingsford's ... Khudiram ... was sentenced to death and hanged."}}</ref>

The British newspaper, ''The Empire'', wrote:<ref name="Patel2008">{{Harvnb|Patel|2008|p=56}}</ref>

{{blockquote|Khudiram Bose was executed this morning;... it is alleged that he mounted the scaffold with his body erect. He was cheerful and smiling.}}<gallery widths="200" heights="200">
File:Prafulla Chaki.jpg|[[Prafulla Chaki]] was associated with the [[Jugantar]]. He carried out assassinations against [[British Raj|British colonial]] officials in an attempt to secure Indian independence.
File:Bhupendranath Datta (brother of Swami Vivekananda).png|[[Bhupendranath Datta]] was an Indian revolutionary who was privy to the [[Indo-German Conspiracy]].
</gallery>

===Jugantar===
{{Main|Jugantar}}
[[Jugantar]] was a paramilitary organisation. Led by [[Barindra Ghosh]], with 21 revolutionaries, including [[Bagha Jatin]], started to collect arms and explosives and manufactured bombs.

Some senior members of the group were sent abroad for political and military training. One of them, [[Hemchandra Kanungo]] obtained his training in Paris. After returning to [[Kolkata]] he set up a combined religious school and bomb factory at a garden house in [[Maniktala]] suburb of [[Calcutta]]. However, the attempted murder of district Judge Kingsford of [[Muzaffarpur]] by [[Khudiram Bose]] and [[Prafulla Chaki]] (30 April 1908) initiated a police investigation that led to the arrest of many of the revolutionaries.

{{multiple image|perrow=3|total_width=300|caption_align=center
| image1 = Benoy Krishna Basu.jpg
| image2 = Badal gupta.jpg
| image3 = Dinesh Gupta 1.jpg
| footer = <div style="text-align: center;">[[Benoy Basu]], [[Badal Gupta]], and [[Dinesh Gupta]] were noted for launching an attack on the Secretariat Building – the [[Writers' Building]] in the [[B.B.D. Bagh|Dalhousie square]] in [[Kolkata]].</div>
}}
[[Bagha Jatin]] was one of the senior leaders in Jugantar. He was arrested, along with several other leaders, in connection with the [[Howrah-Sibpur Conspiracy case]]. They were tried for treason, the charge being that they had incited various regiments of the army against the ruler.<ref>The major charge... during the trial (1910–1911) was "conspiracy to wage war against the King-Emperor" and "tampering with the loyalty of the Indian soldiers" (mainly with the [[10th Jats]] Regiment) (cf: ''Sedition Committee Report'', 1918)</ref>

===Alipore bomb conspiracy case===
{{Main|Alipore bomb case}}
Several leaders of the [[Jugantar]] party including [[Aurobindo Ghosh]] were arrested in connection with bomb-making activities in [[Kolkata]].<ref name=Heehs2008p133>{{harvnb|Heehs|2008|p=133}}</ref> Several of the activists were deported to the [[Andaman Islands|Andaman]] [[Cellular Jail]].

===Delhi-Lahore conspiracy case===
{{Main|Delhi-Lahore conspiracy}}
[[File:An assassination attempt on Lord Charles Hardinge.jpg|thumb|right|250px|1912 assassination attempt on [[Charles Hardinge, 1st Baron Hardinge of Penshurst|Lord Hardinge]].]]
The [[Delhi-Lahore Conspiracy]], hatched in 1912, planned to assassinate the then [[Viceroy of India]], [[Charles Hardinge, 1st Baron Hardinge of Penshurst|Lord Hardinge]], on the occasion of transferring the capital of [[British India]] from [[Calcutta]] to New Delhi. Involving revolutionary underground in [[Bengal]] and headed by [[Rash Behari Bose]] along with [[Sachin Sanyal]], the conspiracy culminated on the attempted assassination on 23 December 1912, when the ceremonial procession moved through the [[Chandni Chowk]] suburb of [[Delhi]]. The Viceroy escaped with his injuries, along with Lady Hardinge, although the [[Mahout]] was killed.

The investigations in the aftermath of the assassination attempt led to the Delhi Conspiracy trial. [[Basant Kumar Biswas]] was convicted of having thrown the bomb and executed, along with [[Amir Chand Bombwal]] and [[Avadh Behari]] for their roles in the conspiracy.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Nandi |first=Soumitra |date=2017-10-20 |title=Story of Basanta Biswas, penned by Ujjal Biswas, to be portrayed on celluloid |url=http://www.millenniumpost.in/kolkata/story-of-basanta-biswas-penned-by-ujjal-biswas-to-be-portrayed-on-celluloid-267293 |access-date=2022-03-15 |website=www.millenniumpost.in |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Samaddar |first=Ranabir |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LDzgNhV3tHEC&dq=basanta+kumar+biswas&pg=PA76 |title=The Materiality of Politics: Volume 1: The Technologies of Rule |date=2007-08-01 |publisher=Anthem Press |isbn=978-1-84331-765-4 |pages=76–77 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Hoda |first=Noorul |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cBEBEAAAQBAJ&dq=basanta+kumar+biswas&pg=PT203 |title=The Alipore Bomb Case |date=2008-02-01 |publisher=Niyogi Books |isbn=978-81-89738-31-0 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Sengupta |first=Nitish K. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kVSh_TyJ0YoC&dq=basanta+kumar+biswas&pg=PA329 |title=Land of Two Rivers: A History of Bengal from the Mahabharata to Mujib |date=2011 |publisher=Penguin Books India |isbn=978-0-14-341678-4 |pages=329 |language=en}}</ref>

===Howrah gang case===
Most of the eminent [[Jugantar]] leaders including [[Bagha Jatin]] alias [[Jatindra Nath Mukherjee]] who were not arrested earlier, were arrested in 1910, in connection with the murder of Shamsul Alam. Thanks to Bagha Jatin's new policy of a decentralised federated action, most of the accused were released in 1911.<ref>[[#Samanta|Samanta]], Vol. II, "Nixon's Report", p. 591.</ref>