Editing Immune system (section)

=== Inflammation ===
{{further|Inflammation}}
Inflammation is one of the first responses of the immune system to infection.<ref name=autogenerated2>{{cite journal | vauthors = Kawai T, Akira S | title = Innate immune recognition of viral infection | journal = Nature Immunology | volume = 7 | issue = 2 | pages = 131–37 | date = Feb 2006 | pmid = 16424890 | doi = 10.1038/ni1303 | s2cid = 9567407 | doi-access = free }}</ref> The symptoms of inflammation are redness, swelling, heat, and pain, which are caused by increased blood flow into tissue. Inflammation is produced by [[eicosanoid]]s and [[cytokine]]s, which are released by injured or infected cells. Eicosanoids include [[prostaglandin]]s that produce [[fever]] and the [[vasodilator|dilation]] of [[blood vessel]]s associated with inflammation and [[leukotriene]]s that attract certain [[white blood cell]]s (leukocytes).<ref name=autogenerated4>{{cite journal | vauthors = Miller SB | title = Prostaglandins in health and disease: an overview | journal = Seminars in Arthritis and Rheumatism | volume = 36 | issue = 1 | pages = 37–49 | date = Aug 2006 | pmid = 16887467 | doi = 10.1016/j.semarthrit.2006.03.005 }}</ref><ref name=autogenerated1>{{cite journal | vauthors = Ogawa Y, Calhoun WJ | title = The role of leukotrienes in airway inflammation | journal = The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology | volume = 118 | issue = 4 | pages = 789–98; quiz 799–800 | date = Oct 2006 | pmid = 17030228 | doi = 10.1016/j.jaci.2006.08.009 | doi-access = free }}</ref> Common cytokines include [[interleukin]]s that are responsible for communication between white blood cells; [[chemokine]]s that promote [[chemotaxis]]; and [[interferon]]s that have [[Antiviral drug|antiviral]] effects, such as shutting down [[protein biosynthesis|protein synthesis]] in the host cell.<ref name=autogenerated3>{{cite journal | vauthors = Le Y, Zhou Y, Iribarren P, Wang J | title = Chemokines and chemokine receptors: their manifold roles in homeostasis and disease | journal = Cellular & Molecular Immunology | volume = 1 | issue = 2 | pages = 95–104 | date = Apr 2004 | pmid = 16212895 | url = http://www.cmi.ustc.edu.cn/1/2/95.pdf }}</ref> [[Growth factor]]s and cytotoxic factors may also be released. These cytokines and other chemicals recruit immune cells to the site of infection and promote the healing of any damaged tissue following the removal of pathogens.<ref name=autogenerated5>{{cite journal | vauthors = Martin P, Leibovich SJ | title = Inflammatory cells during wound repair: the good, the bad and the ugly | journal = Trends in Cell Biology | volume = 15 | issue = 11 | pages = 599–607 | date = Nov 2005 | pmid = 16202600 | doi = 10.1016/j.tcb.2005.09.002 }}</ref> The pattern-recognition receptors called [[inflammasome]]s are multiprotein complexes (consisting of an NLR, the adaptor protein ASC, and the effector molecule pro-caspase-1) that form in response to cytosolic PAMPs and DAMPs, whose function is to generate active forms of the inflammatory cytokines IL-1β and IL-18.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Platnich JM, Muruve DA | title = NOD-like receptors and inflammasomes: A review of their canonical and non-canonical signaling pathways | journal = Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics | volume = 670 | pages = 4–14 | date = February 2019 | pmid = 30772258 | doi = 10.1016/j.abb.2019.02.008 | s2cid = 73464235 }}</ref>