Editing Il Canto degli Italiani (section)

===During fascism===
[[File:Fratelli d italia 1944 RSI.jpg|thumb|"Il Canto degli Italiani" remembered together with the [[unification of Italy]] on a propaganda poster of [[Benito Mussolini]]'s [[Italian Social Republic]]|338x338px]]

[[Fascism|Fascist]] chants, such as "[[Giovinezza]]" (or "Inno Trionfale del Partito Nazionale Fascista") took on great importance, after the 1922 [[March on Rome]].{{sfn|Calabrese|2011|p=111}} Although not official anthems, they were widely disseminated, publicized, and taught in schools.{{sfn|Maiorino|2002|p=63}} Non-fascist melodies, including "Il Canto degli Italiani," were discouraged.<ref name=raistoria/>

In 1932, the [[National Fascist Party]] secretary [[Achille Starace]] decided to prohibit musical pieces that did not sing to [[Benito Mussolini]] and, more generally, did not link to fascism.{{sfn|Maiorino|2002|p=131}} "Subversive" songs, i.e. those of anarchist or socialist type, such as the anthem of the workers or "[[The Internationale]]", and non-sympathetic foreign nations' official anthems, such as "[[La Marseillaise]]", were banned.{{sfn|Maiorino|2002|p=64}} Sympathetic regimes' anthems, such as the [[Nazi Germany|Nazi]] hymn "[[Horst-Wessel-Lied]]" and the [[Francoist Spain|Francoist]] song "[[Cara al Sol]]", were contrariwise encouraged.{{sfn|Maiorino|2002|p=64}} After the 1929 [[Lateran Treaty]] with the [[Holy See]], [[Anti-clericalism|anti-clerical]] passages were also banned.{{sfn|Maiorino|2002|p=64}}

In the spirit of this directive, some songs were resized, such as "[[La Leggenda del Piave]]", sung almost exclusively during the [[National Unity and Armed Forces Day]] every 4 November.{{sfn|Maiorino|2002|p=65}} The chants used during the [[Italian unification]] were however tolerated:{{sfn|Ridolfi|2003|p=148}}{{sfn|Maiorino|2002|p=64}} "Il Canto degli Italiani", which was forbidden in official ceremonies, received a certain condescension on particular occasions.{{sfn|Maiorino|2002|p=64}}

During the [[Second World War]], regime musicians released fascist pieces via radio, but very few songs spontaneously arose among the population.{{sfn|Maiorino|2002|p=68}} Songs like "[[A primavera viene il bello]]", "[[Battaglioni M (song)|Battaglioni M]]", "[[Vincere!]]" and "[[Camerata Richard]]" were common. The most famous spontaneous song was "{{ill|Sul ponte di Perati|it}}".{{sfn|Maiorino|2002|pp=68–69}}

After the [[Armistice of Cassibile|8 September 1943 armistice]], the Italian government provisionally adopted as a national anthem "La Leggenda del Piave", replacing the "Marcia Reale".{{sfn|Ridolfi|2003|p=148}}<ref>{{Cite news |date=22 July 2008 |title=E il ministro lodò il campano Giovanni Gaeta |language=Italian |trans-title=And the minister praised the Campanian Giovanni Gaeta |page=9 |work=La Corriera della Sera |url=http://archiviostorico.corriere.it/2008/luglio/22/ministro_lodo_campano_Giovanni_Gaeta_co_8_080722021.shtml |access-date=1 October 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110823232916/http://archiviostorico.corriere.it/2008/luglio/22/ministro_lodo_campano_Giovanni_Gaeta_co_8_080722021.shtml |archive-date=23 August 2011}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=8 December 2006 |title=La leggenda del Piave inno d'Italia dal 1943 al 1946 |language=it |trans-title="The Legend of Piave," Italian anthem 1943–1946 |work=Il Piave |url=http://www.ilpiave.it/modules.php?name=News&file=article&sid=3156 |access-date=30 November 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141109003812/http://www.ilpiave.it/modules.php?name=News&file=article&sid=3156 |archive-date=9 November 2014}}</ref> Cooperation with the fascist dictatorship was now egg on the monarchy's face;{{sfn|Ridolfi|2003|p=148}} a song that recalled the [[Bollettino della Vittoria|Italian victory]] in [[First World War|World War I]] could infuse courage and hope to the [[Royal Italian Army]] troops who now fought against Mussolini's [[Italian Social Republic|Social Republic]] and [[Nazi Germany]].{{sfn|Maiorino|2002|p=70}}

"Fratelli d'Italia" resounded in [[Allies of World War II|Allies]]-freed [[Southern Italy]] and partisan-controlled areas to the north.{{sfn|Maiorino|2002|p=69}} "Il Canto degli Italiani", in particular, had a good success in [[Anti-fascism|anti-fascist]] circles,{{sfn|Maiorino|2002|p=65}} where it joined partisan songs "[[Fischia il vento]]" and "[[Bella ciao]]".{{sfn|Ridolfi|2003|p=148}}{{sfn|Maiorino|2002|p=69}} Some scholars believe that the success of the piece in anti-fascist circles then was decisive for its choice as provisional anthem of the Italian Republic.{{sfn|Calabrese|2011|p=114}}

Often, "Il Canto degli Italiani" is wrongly referred to as the [[national anthem]] of the [[Italian Social Republic]]. However, Mussolini's Republic had no official anthem, playing "Il Canto degli Italiani" and "Giovinezza"<ref name="CantiRev">[http://www.archiviostorico.info/Rubriche/Librieriviste/recensioni4/IcantidiSalo.htm Review] of ''I canti di Salò'' (De Marzi) (in Italian).  Accessed 17 November 2014.</ref> equally often at the ceremonies. "Il Canto degli Italiani" retained value to the fascists only for propaganda.<ref>{{cite web |year=2009 |editor-last=Misuraca |editor-first=Fara |editor2-last=Grasso |editor2-first=Alfonso |title=Fratelli d'Italia |trans-title=Brothers of Italy |url=http://www.ilportaledelsud.org/inno_mameli.htm#_ftn16 |access-date=29 March 2015 |website=Brigantino – il Portale del Sud [Brigantino: Gateway to the South] |publisher=Centro Culturale e di Studi Storici "Brigantino – il Portale del Sud" |language=it |publication-place=Naples}}</ref>

So Mameli's hymn was, curiously, sung by both [[Italian partisans|partisans]] and fascists.<ref name="CantiRev" />