Editing Ido (section)

==Grammar==
The definite article is ''la'' and is invariable.  The indefinite article (a/an) does not exist in Ido. Each word in the Ido vocabulary is built from a root word. A word consists of a root and a grammatical ending. Other words can be formed from that word by removing the grammatical ending and adding a new one, or by inserting certain [[affix]]es between the root and the grammatical ending.

Some of the grammatical endings are defined as follows:

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Grammatical form
 ! Ido
 
! colspan="2" |Esperanto
! colspan=2 | English
 
|-
! [[Noun|Singular noun]]
| ''' -o''' (libro)
 
| colspan="2" |'''-o''' (libro)
| colspan=2 | '''-''' (book)
 
|-
! [[Noun|Plural noun]]
 | '''-i''' (libri)
 
| colspan="2" |'''-oj''' (libroj)
| colspan=2 | '''-s''' (books)
 
|-
! [[Adjective]]
 | '''-a''' (varma)
 
| colspan="2" |'''-a''', '''-aj''' (varma, varmaj)
| colspan=2 | '''-''' (warm)
 
|-
! [[Adverb]]
 | '''-e''' (varme)
 
| colspan="2" |'''-e''' (varme)
| colspan=2 | -ly (warmly)
 
|-
! [[Infinitive|Present tense infinitive]]
| '''-ar''' (irar)
 
|'''-anti''' (iranti)
| rowspan="3" |'''-i''' (iri)
| to be - (to be going)
 
| rowspan=3 | '''to -''' (to go)
 
|-
! [[Infinitive|Past tense infinitive]]
| '''-ir''' (irir)
 
|'''-inti''' (irinti)
| to have - (to have gone)
 
|-
! [[Infinitive|Future tense infinitive]]
| '''-or''' (iror)
 
|'''-onti''' (ironti)
| to be going to - (to be going to go)
 
|-
! [[Present tense|Present]]
| '''-as''' (iras)
 
| colspan="2" |'''-as''' (iras)
| colspan=2 | -, -s, -es (go, goes)
 
|-
! [[Past tense|Past]]
| '''-is''' (iris)
 
| colspan="2" |'''-is''' (iris)
| colspan=2 | irr., -ed (went)
 
|-
! [[Future tense|Future]]
| '''-os''' (iros)
 
| colspan="2" |'''-os''' (iros)
| colspan=2 | will - (will go)
 
|-
! [[Imperative mood|Imperative]]
| '''-ez''' (irez)
 
| colspan="2" |'''-u''' (iru)
| colspan=2 | ! (go!)
 
|-
! [[Conditional mood|Conditional]]
| '''-us''' (irus)
 
| colspan="2" |'''-us''' (irus)
| colspan=2 | would - (would go)
 
|}

These are the same as in Esperanto except for ''-i'', ''-ir'', ''-ar'', ''-or'' and ''-ez''. Esperanto marks noun plurals by an ''agglutinative'' ending ''-j'' (so plural nouns end in ''-oj''), uses ''-i'' for verb infinitives (Esperanto infinitives are tenseless), and uses ''-u'' for the imperative. Verbs in Ido, as in Esperanto, do not conjugate depending on person, number or gender; the -'''as''', -'''is''', and -'''os''' endings suffice whether the subject is I, you, he, she, they, or anything else. For the word "to be," Ido allows either ''esas'' or ''es'' in the present tense; however, the full forms must be used for the past tense ''esis'' and future tense ''esos''."  Adjectives and adverbs are compared in Ido by means of the words ''plu'' = more, ''maxim'' = most, ''min'' = less, ''minim'' = least, ''kam'' = than/as. There exist in Ido three categories of adverbs: the simple, the derived, and the composed. The simple adverbs do not need special endings, for example: ''tre'' = very, ''tro'' = too, ''olim'' = formerly, ''nun'' = now, ''nur'' = only. The derived and composed adverbs, not being originally adverbs but derived from nouns, adjectives and verbs, have the ending '''-e'''.

===Syntax===
Ido word order is generally the same as English ([[subject–verb–object]]), so the sentence ''Me havas la blua libro'' is the same as the English "I have the blue book", both in meaning and word order. There are a few differences, however:
* Adjectives can precede the noun as in English, or follow the noun as in Spanish. Thus, ''Me havas la libro blua'' means the same thing.
* Ido has the [[accusative]] suffix ''-n''. Unlike Esperanto, this suffix is only required when the object of the sentence is not clear, for example, when the subject-verb-object word order is not followed. Thus, ''La blua libron me havas'' also means the same thing.

Ido generally does not impose rules of grammatical [[Agreement (linguistics)|agreement]] between grammatical categories within a sentence. For example, the verb in a sentence is invariable regardless of the number and person of the subject. Nor must the adjectives be pluralized as well the nouns{{spnd}}in Ido ''the large books'' would be ''la granda libri'' as opposed to the Esperanto ''la grandaj libroj''.

Negation occurs in Ido by simply adding '''ne''' before a verb: '''Me ne havas libro''' means "I do not have a book". This as well does not vary, and thus the "I do not", "He does not", "They do not" before a verb are simply '''Me ne''', '''Il ne''', and '''Li ne'''. In the same way, past tense and future tense negatives are formed by '''ne''' before the conjugated verb. "I will not go" and "I did not go" become '''Me ne iros''' and '''Me ne iris''' respectively.

Yes/no questions are formed by the particle '''ka''' in front of the question. "I have a book" (me havas libro) becomes '''Ka me havas libro?''' (do I have a book?). '''Ka''' can also be placed in front of a noun without a verb to make a simple question, corresponding to the English "is it?" '''Ka Mark?''' can mean, "Are you Mark?", "Is it Mark?", "Do you mean Mark?" depending on the context.

===Pronouns===
The [[pronoun]]s of Ido were revised to make them more distinct acoustically than those of Esperanto, which all end in ''i''. Especially the singular and plural first-person pronouns ''mi'' and ''ni'' may be difficult to distinguish in a noisy environment, so Ido has ''me'' and ''ni'' instead. Ido also distinguishes between [[T-V distinction|intimate (''tu'') and formal (''vu'')]] second-person singular pronouns as well as plural second-person pronouns (''vi'') not marked for intimacy. Furthermore, Ido has a pan-gender third-person pronoun ''lu'' (it can mean "he", "she", or "it", depending on the context) in addition to its masculine (''il''), feminine (''el''), and neuter (''ol'') third-person pronouns.

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|+ Pronouns
!rowspan="3"|
!colspan="7"|singular
!colspan="6" |plural
!rowspan="3"|reflexive
!rowspan="3"|indefinite
|-
!rowspan="2"|first
!colspan="2"|second
!colspan="4"|third
!rowspan="2"|first
!rowspan="2"|second
!colspan="4"|third
|-
!''familiar''
!''formal''
!''masc.''
!''fem.''
!''neuter''
!''pan-gender''
!''masc.''
!''fem.''
!''neuter''
!''pan-gender''
|-
!Ido
| me
| tu
| vu
| il(u)
| el(u)
| ol(u)
| lu
| ni
| vi
| ili
| eli
| oli
| li
| su
| on(u)
|-
!English
| I
| [[thou]]
| you
| he
| she
| it
| they/it
| we
| you
|
|
|
| they
|oneself
| one/you/they
|-
!Esperanto
| mi
| ci¹
| vi¹
| li
| ŝi
| ĝi
| ĝi/ri²
| ni
| vi
| ili
|iŝi²
|iĝi²
| ili/iri²
| si
| oni
|}
# ''ci'', although technically the familiar form of the word "you" in Esperanto, is seldom used. Esperanto's inventor himself did not include the pronoun in the first book on Esperanto and only later reluctantly; later he recommended against using ''ci'' because different cultures have conflicting traditions regarding the use of the familiar and formal forms of "you".<ref>Eventoj, no. 103, {{ISSN|1215-959X}}. ''Ci'' estas senvalora balasto (''Ci'' is useless ballast). 1996. Available at http://www.eventoj.hu/arkivo/eve-103.htm {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060108045107/http://www.eventoj.hu/arkivo/eve-103.htm |date=8 January 2006 }}</ref>
#''ri'', ''iŝi'', ''iĝi'' and by extension ''iri'' are proposed neologisms and are rare, but they are still used albeit seldom.

''ol'', like English ''it'' and Esperanto ''ĝi'', is not limited to inanimate objects, but can be used "for entities whose sex is indeterminate: ''babies, children, humans, youths, elders, people, individuals, horses, [cattle], cats,'' etc."

''Lu'' is often mistakenly labeled an [[epicene]] pronoun, that is, one that refers to both masculine and feminine beings, but in fact, ''lu'' is more properly a "pan-gender" pronoun, as it is also used for referring to inanimate objects. From ''Kompleta Gramatiko Detaloza di la Linguo Internaciona Ido'' by Beaufront:

{{Blockquote|
''Lu'' (like ''li'') is used ''for all three genders.'' That ''lu'' does duty for the three genders at will in the singular is not in itself any more astonishing than seeing ''li'' serve the three genders at will in the plural ... By a decision (1558) the Idist Academy rejected every restriction concerning the use of ''lu.'' One may thus use that pronoun in exactly the same way for a thing and a person of obvious sex as for animals of unknown sex and a person that has a genderless name, like ''baby, child, human,'' etc., these being as truly masculine as feminine.
<br />
<br />
The motives for this decision were given in "Mondo", XI, 68: ''Lu'' for the singular is exactly the same as ''li'' for the plural. Logic, symmetry and ease demand this. Consequently, just as ''li'' may be used for people, animals, and objects whenever nothing obliges one to express the gender, so ''lu'' may be used for people, animals, and objects by the same condition. The proposed distinction would be a bothersome subtlety&nbsp;...
}}

===Table of correlatives===
Ido makes correlatives by combining entire words together and changing the word ending, with some irregularities to show distinction.
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" |
!Relative and<br>interrogative
!Demonstrative
!Indeterminate
!Most<br>Indeterminate
!Negative
!Collective
|-
!qua, ∅
!ita, ∅
!ula, ∅
!irga
!nula
!omna
|-
!Individual
!-u
| style="background: #fff1d8" | qua
| style="background: #fff1d8" | ita <sup>1</sup>
|ulu
|irgu
|nulu
|omnu
|-
!Plural
!-i
|qui
|iti <sup>1</sup>
|uli
|irgi
|nuli
|omni
|-
!Thing
!-o
|quo
|ito <sup>1</sup>
|ulo
|irgo
|nulo
|omno
|-
!Adjective
!-a
| style="background: #fff1d8" | qua
| style="background: #fff1d8" | ita <sup>1</sup>
|ula
|irga
|nula
|omna
|-
!Motive
!pro
|pro quo
|pro to
|pro ulo
|pro irgo
|pro nulo
|pro omno
|-
!Place
!loke
| style="background: #ffd8d8" | ube
| style="background: #ffd8d8" | ibe
|ulaloke
|irgaloke
|nulaloke
|omnaloke
|-
!Time
!tempe
| style="background: #ffd8d8" | kande
| style="background: #ffd8d8" | lore
|ulatempe <sup>2</sup>
|irgatempe
|nulatempe <sup>2</sup>
| style="background: #d8ffd8" | sempre <sup>3</sup>
|-
!Quality
!-a, speca
| style="background: #ffd8d8" | quala
| style="background: #ffd8d8" | tala
|ulaspeca <sup>2</sup>
|irgaspeca
|nulaspeca <sup>2</sup>
|omnaspeca
|-
!Manner
!-e, maniere
| style="background: #ffd8d8" | quale
| style="background: #ffd8d8" | tale
|ule, ulamaniere <sup>2</sup>
|irge, irgamaniere
|nule, nulamaniere <sup>2</sup>
|omne, omnamaniere
|-
!Quantity -<br>adjective
!quanta
| style="background: #ffd8d8" | quanta
| style="background: #ffd8d8" | tanta
| style="background: #ffd8d8" | kelka
|irgaquanta
|nulaquanta
|omnaquanta
|-
!Quantity -<br>noun
!quanto
| style="background: #ffd8d8" | quanto
| style="background: #ffd8d8" | tanto
| style="background: #ffd8d8" | kelko
| style="background: #d8ffd8" | irga quanto <sup>4</sup>
| style="background: #d8ffd8" | nula quanto <sup>4</sup>
| style="background: #d8ffd8" | la tota quanto <sup>4</sup>
|}

# The initial ''i'' can be omitted: ''ta'', ''to'', ''ti'', ''ta''.
# One can omit the initial ''a'': ''ultempe'', ''nultempe'', ''ulspeca'', ''nulspeca'', ''ulmaniere'', ''nulmaniere''.
# ''omnatempe'' is correct and usable, but ''sempre'' is the actual word.
# Instead of ''irga quanto'', ''nula quanto'' and ''la tota quanto'' one usually says ''irgo'', ''nulo'' and ''omno''.
{{anchor|Compounds formation}}

===Compound formation===

Composition in Ido obeys stricter rules than in Esperanto, especially formation of nouns, adjectives and verbs from a radical of a different class.  The reversibility principle assumes that for each composition rule (affix addition), the corresponding decomposition rule (affix removal) is valid.

Hence, while in Esperanto an adjective (for instance {{lang|eo|papera}}), formed on the noun radical {{lang|eo|paper(o)}}, can mean an attribute ({{lang|eo|papera enciklopedio}} "paper-made encyclopedia") and a relation ({{lang|eo|papera fabriko}} "paper-making factory"), Ido will distinguish the attribute {{lang|io|papera}} ("paper" or "of paper" (not "paper-made" exactly)) from the relation {{lang|io|paper'''al'''a}} ("paper-making").

Similarly, {{lang|eo|krono}} means in both Esperanto and Ido the noun "crown"; where Esperanto allows formation of "to crown" by simply changing the ending from noun to verb {{lang|eo|kroni}} ("crowning" is {{lang|eo|kronado}}), Ido requires an affix so the composition is reversible: {{lang|io|kron'''iz'''ar}} ("the act of crowning" is {{lang|io|kron'''iz'''o}}).

According to [[Claude Piron]], some modifications brought by Ido are in practice impossible to use and ruin spontaneous expression: 
<blockquote>
Ido displays, on linguistic level, other drawbacks Esperanto succeeded to avoid, but I don't have at hand documents which would allow me to go further in detail.  For instance, if I remember correctly, where Esperanto only has the suffix {{lang|eo|-igi}}*, Ido has several: *{{lang|io|-ifar}}*, *{{lang|io|-izar}}*, *{{lang|io|-igar}}*, which match subtleties which were meant to make language clearer, but that, in practice, inhibit natural expression.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://claudepiron.free.fr/lettresouvertes/ido.htm| title = Claude Piron - communication, langues, espéranto| access-date = 1 November 2018| archive-date = 22 May 2011| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110522212034/http://claudepiron.free.fr/lettresouvertes/ido.htm| url-status = live}}</ref>
</blockquote>