Editing Hypnosis (section)

=== Ideo-dynamic reflex ===
{{Main|Ideomotor response}}
The first neuropsychological theory of hypnotic suggestion was introduced early by James Braid who adopted his friend and colleague [[William Benjamin Carpenter|William Carpenter's]] theory of the [[ideo motor response|ideo-motor reflex response]] to account for the phenomenon of hypnotism. Carpenter had observed from close examination of everyday experience that, under certain circumstances, the mere idea of a muscular movement could be sufficient to produce a reflexive, or automatic, contraction or movement of the muscles involved, albeit in a very small degree. Braid extended Carpenter's theory to encompass the observation that a wide variety of bodily responses besides muscular movement can be thus affected, for example, the idea of sucking a lemon can automatically stimulate salivation, a secretory response. Braid, therefore, adopted the term "ideo-dynamic", meaning "by the power of an idea", to explain a broad range of "psycho-physiological" (mind–body) phenomena. Braid coined the term "mono-ideodynamic" to refer to the theory that hypnotism operates by concentrating attention on a single idea in order to amplify the ideo-dynamic reflex response. Variations of the basic ideo-motor, or ideo-dynamic, theory of suggestion have continued to exercise considerable influence over subsequent theories of hypnosis, including those of [[Clark L. Hull]], [[Hans Eysenck]], and Ernest Rossi.<ref name="Rossi"/> In Victorian psychology the word "idea" encompasses any mental representation, including mental imagery, memories, etc.