Editing Hydrocodone (section)

===Pharmacodynamics===
{| class="wikitable floatright" style="text-align: center;"
|+ Hydrocodone (and metabolite) at opioid receptors
|-
! rowspan="2" | Compound || colspan="3" | [[Binding affinity|Affinities]] ({{abbrlink|K<sub>i</sub>|Inhibitor constant}}) || Ratio || rowspan="2" | Ref
|-
! {{abbrlink|MOR|μ-Opioid receptor}} !! {{abbrlink|DOR|δ-Opioid receptor}} !! {{abbrlink|KOR|κ-Opioid receptor}} !! MOR:DOR:KOR
|-
| Hydrocodone || 11.1 nM || 962 nM || 501 nM || 1:87:45 || <ref name="pmid7562497">{{cite journal | vauthors = Codd EE, Shank RP, Schupsky JJ, Raffa RB | title = Serotonin and norepinephrine uptake inhibiting activity of centrally acting analgesics: structural determinants and role in antinociception | journal = The Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics | volume = 274 | issue = 3 | pages = 1263–1270 | date = September 1995 | doi = 10.1016/S0022-3565(25)10630-7 | pmid = 7562497 | url = http://jpet.aspetjournals.org/content/274/3/1263.short | access-date = 21 June 2018 | archive-date = 2 February 2017 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170202020241/http://jpet.aspetjournals.org/content/274/3/1263.short | url-status = live }}</ref>
|-
| [[Hydromorphone]] || 0.47 nM || 18.5 nM || 24.9 nM || 1:39:53 || <ref name="pmid11197347">{{cite journal | vauthors = Filizola M, Villar HO, Loew GH | title = Molecular determinants of non-specific recognition of delta, mu, and kappa opioid receptors | journal = Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry | volume = 9 | issue = 1 | pages = 69–76 | date = January 2001 | pmid = 11197347 | doi = 10.1016/S0968-0896(00)00223-6 }}</ref>
|}

{| class="wikitable floatright"
|+ <br />[[Equianalgesic|Equivalent analgesia]] doses<ref name="King2010">{{cite book | vauthors = King TL, Miller EL | chapter = Analgesia and Anesthesia |veditors = King TL, Brucker MC |title=Pharmacology for Women's Health| chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=o_rHHCsIpckC&pg=PA332|date=25 October 2010|publisher=Jones & Bartlett Publishers|isbn=978-1-4496-1073-9|pages=332–}}</ref><ref name="ChestnutWong2014">{{cite book|vauthors=Parker RK, Hepner D, Eappin S|chapter=Chapter 27 Postoperative and Chronic Pain: Systemic and Regional Analgesic Techniques|veditors=Chestnut DH, Wong CA, Tsen LC, Kee WD, Beilin Y, Mhyre J|title=Chestnut's Obstetric Anesthesia: Principles and Practice E-Book|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FMU0AwAAQBAJ&pg=PA611|date=28 February 2014|publisher=Elsevier Health Sciences|isbn=978-0-323-11374-8|pages=611–|access-date=22 June 2018|archive-date=11 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230111005540/https://books.google.com/books?id=FMU0AwAAQBAJ&pg=PA611|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Tiziani2013">{{cite book|vauthors=Tiziani AP|chapter=Opiod Analgesics|title=Havard's Nursing Guide to Drugs|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XpzQAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA933|date=1 June 2013|publisher=Elsevier Health Sciences|isbn=978-0-7295-8162-2|pages=933–|access-date=22 June 2018|archive-date=11 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230111005617/https://books.google.com/books?id=XpzQAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA933|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
! Compound !! [[Route of administration|Route]] !! [[Dose (biochemistry)|Dose]]
|-
| [[Codeine]] || {{abbr|PO|Oral administration}} || 200&nbsp;mg
|-
| Hydrocodone || {{abbr|PO|Oral administration}} || 30&nbsp;mg
|-
| [[Hydromorphone]] || {{abbr|PO|Oral administration}} || 7.5&nbsp;mg
|-
| [[Hydromorphone]] || {{abbr|IV|Intravenous administration}} || 1.5&nbsp;mg
|-
| [[Morphine]] || {{abbr|PO|Oral administration}} || 30&nbsp;mg
|-
| [[Morphine]] || {{abbr|IV|Intravenous administration}} || 10&nbsp;mg
|-
| [[Oxycodone]] || {{abbr|PO|Oral administration}} || 20&nbsp;mg
|-
| [[Oxycodone]] || {{abbr|IV|Intravenous administration}} || 10&nbsp;mg
|-
| [[Oxymorphone]] || {{abbr|PO|Oral administration}} || 10&nbsp;mg
|-
| [[Oxymorphone]] || {{abbr|IV|Intravenous administration}} || 1&nbsp;mg
|}

Hydrocodone is a highly [[binding selectivity|selective]] [[full agonist]] of the [[μ-opioid receptor]] (MOR).<ref name="pmid21785485" /><ref name="pmid14600248">{{cite journal | vauthors = Thompson CM, Wojno H, Greiner E, May EL, Rice KC, Selley DE | title = Activation of G-proteins by morphine and codeine congeners: insights to the relevance of O- and N-demethylated metabolites at mu- and delta-opioid receptors | journal = The Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics | volume = 308 | issue = 2 | pages = 547–554 | date = February 2004 | pmid = 14600248 | doi = 10.1124/jpet.103.058602 | s2cid = 22492018 }}</ref><ref name="pmid7562497" /> This is the main [[biological target]] of the [[endogenous]] opioid [[neuropeptide]] [[β-endorphin]].<ref name="TalleyFrankum2015">{{cite book| vauthors = Agar M, Clark K | chapter = Palliative Medicine | veditors = Talley NJ, Frankum B, Currow D |title=Essentials of Internal Medicine | edition = 3rd |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0Zq9BwAAQBAJ&pg=PA491|date=10 February 2015|publisher=Elsevier Health Sciences|isbn=978-0-7295-8081-6|pages=491–}}</ref> Hydrocodone has low [[affinity (pharmacology)|affinity]] for the [[δ-opioid receptor]] (DOR) and the [[κ-opioid receptor]] (KOR), where it is an [[agonist]] similarly.<ref name="pmid7562497" />

Studies have shown hydrocodone is stronger than [[codeine]] but only one-tenth as potent as [[morphine]] at binding to receptors and reported to be only 59% as potent as morphine in analgesic properties. However, in tests conducted on rhesus monkeys, the analgesic potency of hydrocodone was actually higher than morphine.<ref name="DavisGlare2005">{{cite book| vauthors = Davis MP, Glare P, Hardy J |title=Opioids in Cancer Pain|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BK0WduGnx2kC&pg=PA59|year=2005|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-852943-9|pages=59–68}}</ref> [[Oral administration|Oral]] hydrocodone has a mean equivalent daily dosage (MEDD) factor of 0.4, meaning that 1&nbsp;mg of hydrocodone is equivalent to 0.4&nbsp;mg of intravenous morphine. However, because of morphine's low [[oral bioavailability]], there is a 1:1 correspondence between orally administered morphine and orally administered hydrocodone.<ref name="medd-chart">{{cite web|url=http://www.palliative.org/PC/ClinicalInfo/AssessmentTools/MeanEquivalent%20for%20program%20v3.pdf |title=Instructions for Mean Equivalent Daily Dose (MEDD) |access-date=22 August 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110727162622/http://www.palliative.org/PC/ClinicalInfo/AssessmentTools/MeanEquivalent%20for%20program%20v3.pdf |archive-date=27 July 2011 }}</ref>