Editing Hydraulics (section)

=== Arabic-Islamic world ===

In the [[Muslim world]] during the [[Islamic Golden Age]] and [[Arab Agricultural Revolution]] (8th–13th centuries), engineers made wide use of [[hydropower]] as well as early uses of [[tidal power]],<ref>[[Ahmad Y. al-Hassan]] (1976). ''Taqi al-Din and Arabic Mechanical Engineering'', pp. 34–35. Institute for the History of Arabic Science, [[University of Aleppo]].</ref> and large hydraulic [[factory]] complexes.<ref>[[Maya Shatzmiller]], p. 36.</ref> A variety of water-powered industrial mills were used in the Islamic world, including [[fulling]] mills, [[gristmill]]s, [[paper mill]]s, [[Rice huller|hullers]], [[sawmill]]s, [[ship mill]]s, [[stamp mill]]s, [[steel mill]]s, [[Sugar refinery|sugar mills]], and [[tide mill]]s. By the 11th century, every province throughout the Islamic world had these industrial mills in operation, from [[Al-Andalus]] and [[North Africa]] to the [[Middle East]] and [[Central Asia]].<ref name=Lucas>Adam Robert Lucas (2005), "Industrial Milling in the Ancient and Medieval Worlds: A Survey of the Evidence for an Industrial Revolution in Medieval Europe," ''Technology and Culture'' '''46''' (1), pp. 1–30 [10].</ref> Muslim engineers also used [[water turbine]]s, employed [[gear]]s in watermills and water-raising machines, and pioneered the use of [[dams]] as a source of water power, used to provide additional power to watermills and water-raising machines.<ref name=Hassan>[[Ahmad Y. al-Hassan]], [http://www.history-science-technology.com/Articles/articles%2071.htm Transfer Of Islamic Technology To The West, Part II: Transmission Of Islamic Engineering] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080218171021/http://www.history-science-technology.com/Articles/articles%2071.htm |date=18 February 2008 }}</ref>

[[Al-Jazari]] (1136–1206) described designs for 50 devices, many of them water-powered, in his book, ''The Book of Knowledge of Ingenious Mechanical Devices'', including water clocks, a device to serve wine, and five devices to lift water from rivers or pools. These include [[Scoop wheel|an endless belt with jugs attached]] and a reciprocating device with hinged valves.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Al-Hassani|first1=Salim|title=800 Years Later: In Memory of Al-Jazari, A Genius Mechanical Engineer|url=http://muslimheritage.com/article/800-years-later-memory-al-jazari-genius-mechanical-engineer|website=Muslim Heritage|date=30 January 2008 |publisher=The Foundation for Science, Technology, and Civilisation|access-date=30 April 2015}}</ref>

The earliest [[Program (machine)|programmable machines]] were water-powered devices developed in the Muslim world. A [[music sequencer]], a programmable [[musical instrument]], was the earliest type of programmable machine. The first music sequencer was an automated water-powered [[flute]] player invented by the [[Banu Musa]] brothers, described in their ''[[Book of Ingenious Devices]]'', in the 9th century.<ref name=Koetsier>{{Citation |last1=Koetsier |first1=Teun  |year=2001 |title=On the prehistory of programmable machines: musical automata, looms, calculators |journal=Mechanism and Machine Theory |volume=36 |issue=5 |pages=589–603 |publisher=Elsevier |doi=10.1016/S0094-114X(01)00005-2 |postscript=.}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Kapur |first1=Ajay |last2=Carnegie |first2=Dale |last3=Murphy |first3=Jim |last4=Long |first4=Jason |title=Loudspeakers Optional: A history of non-loudspeaker-based electroacoustic music |journal=[[Organised Sound]] |date=2017 |volume=22 |issue=2 |pages=195–205 |doi=10.1017/S1355771817000103 |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |issn=1355-7718|doi-access=free }}</ref> In 1206, Al-Jazari invented water-powered programmable automata/[[robot]]s. He described four [[automaton]] musicians, including drummers operated by a programmable [[drum machine]], where they could be made to play different rhythms and different drum patterns.<ref name=Sharkey>Professor Noel Sharkey, [https://web.archive.org/web/20070629182810/http://www.shef.ac.uk/marcoms/eview/articles58/robot.html A 13th Century Programmable Robot (Archive)], [[University of Sheffield]].</ref>