Editing Hybrid (biology) (section)

===Animal and plant breeding===

From the point of view of animal and plant breeders, there are several kinds of hybrid formed from crosses within a species, such as between different [[breeds]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Wricke |first1=Gunter |last2=Weber |first2=Eberhard |date=1986 |title=Quantitative genetics and selection in plant breeding |publisher=W. de Gruyter |page=257}}</ref> Single cross hybrids result from the cross between two [[true-breeding organism]]s which produces an [[F1 hybrid]] (first filial generation). The cross between two different [[homozygous]] lines produces an F1 hybrid that is [[heterozygous]]; having two [[Allele|alleles]], one contributed by each parent and typically one is [[Dominance relationship#Dominant allele|dominant]] and the other [[Dominance relationship#Recessive allele|recessive]]. Typically, the F1 generation is also [[phenotype|phenotypically]] homogeneous, producing offspring that are all similar to each other.<ref>{{cite book |title=Principles of Molecular Medicine |editor1-last=Runge |editor1-first=Marschall S. |editor2-last=Patterson |editor2-first=Cam |publisher=Humana Press |date=2006 |isbn=9781588292025 |page=58 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=j-_rAKRf3WwC&pg=PA58 |access-date=27 May 2017 |archive-date=15 December 2019 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20191215073850/https://books.google.com/books?id=j-_rAKRf3WwC&pg=PA58 |url-status=live}}</ref>
Double cross hybrids result from the cross between two different F1 hybrids (i.e., there are four unrelated grandparents).<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Rawlings |first1=J. O. |last2=Cockerham |first2=C. Clark |title=Analysis of Double Cross Hybrid Populations |journal=Biometrics |volume=18 |issue=2 |date=June 1962 |pages=229–244 |doi=10.2307/2527461 |jstor=2527461}}</ref>
Three-way cross hybrids result from the cross between an F1 hybrid and an inbred line. Triple cross hybrids result from the crossing of two different three-way cross hybrids.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Thompson |first1=K. F. |title=Triple-cross hybrid kale |journal=Euphytica |date=1964 |volume=13 |issue=2 |page=173 |doi=10.1007/BF00033306 |bibcode=1964Euphy..13..173T |s2cid=30141635 |url= https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF00033306 |access-date=31 August 2017 |archive-date=10 April 2017 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20170410051806/https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF00033306 |url-status=live}}</ref> Top cross (or "topcross") hybrids result from the crossing of a top quality or pure-bred male and a lower quality female, intended to improve the quality of the offspring, on average.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |title=Topcross |url= https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/topcross |dictionary=Merriam-Webster |access-date=20 March 2017 |archive-date=21 March 2017 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20170321081547/https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/topcross |url-status=live}}</ref>

{{anchor|population hybrid}} '''Population hybrids''' result from the crossing of plants or animals in one [[population]] with those of another population. These include interspecific hybrids or crosses between different breeds.<ref>{{cite web |last=McCarthy |first=Eugene M. |title=Hybrid Populations |url= http://www.macroevolution.net/hybrid-populations.html |website=Macroevolution |access-date=20 March 2017 |archive-date=21 March 2017 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20170321081954/http://www.macroevolution.net/hybrid-populations.html |url-status=live}}</ref> In biology, the result of crossing of two populations is called a {{anchor|synthetic population}}'''synthetic population'''.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Grenier |first1=Cécile |last2=Cao |first2=Tuong-Vi |last3=Ospina |first3=Yolima |last4=Quintero |first4=Constanza |last5=Châtel |first5=Marc Henri |last6=Tohme |first6=Joe |last7=Courtois |first7=Brigitte |last8=Ahmadi |first8=Nourollah |title=Accuracy of Genomic Selection in a Rice Synthetic Population Developed for Recurrent Selection Breeding |journal=PLOS ONE |date=27 August 2015 |volume=10 |issue=8 |pages=e0136594 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0136594 |pmid=26313446 |pmc=4551487 |bibcode=2015PLoSO..1036594G |issn=1932-6203|doi-access=free}}</ref>

In [[horticulture]], the term stable hybrid is used to describe an [[annual plant]] that, if grown and bred in a small [[monoculture]] free of external [[pollen]] (e.g., an air-filtered greenhouse) produces offspring that are "true to type" with respect to phenotype; i.e., a true-breeding organism.<ref>{{cite book |editor-last=Toogood |editor-first=A. |date=1999 |title=Plant Propagation |publisher=American Horticultural Society |isbn=9780789455208 |page=[https://archive.org/details/plantpropagation00newy/page/21 21] |url= https://archive.org/details/plantpropagation00newy/page/21}}</ref>