Editing Human intelligence (section)

=== Triarchic theory of intelligence ===
{{Main|Triarchic theory of intelligence}}

[[Robert Sternberg]] proposed the [[triarchic theory of intelligence]] to provide a more comprehensive description of intellectual competence than traditional differential or cognitive theories of human ability.<ref name=Sternberg1985>{{Cite book |last=Sternberg|first=Robert J. |year=1985 |title=Beyond IQ: A triarchic theory of human intelligence |publisher=Cambridge University Press |location=New York |isbn=978-0-521-26254-5}}</ref> The triarchic theory describes three fundamental aspects of intelligence:

# Analytic intelligence comprises the mental processes through which intelligence is expressed. 
# Creative intelligence is necessary when an individual is confronted with a challenge that is nearly, but not entirely, novel or when an individual is engaged in automatizing the performance of a task. 
# Practical intelligence is bound to a sociocultural milieu and involves adaptation to, selection of, and shaping of the environment to maximize fit in the context.

The triarchic theory does not argue against the validity of a general intelligence factor; instead, the theory posits that general intelligence is part of analytic intelligence, and only by considering all three aspects of intelligence can the full range of intellectual functioning be understood.

Sternberg updated the triarchic theory and renamed it to the Theory of Successful Intelligence.<ref>{{multiref2
|1={{Cite journal |last=Sternberg|first= R.J. |year=1978 |title=The theory of successful intelligence |journal=Review of General Psychology |volume=3 |pages=292–316 |doi=10.1037/1089-2680.3.4.292 |issue=4|s2cid=147144382 |url=https://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=28439202 }}
|2={{Cite journal |last=Sternberg|first= R.J. |year=2003 |title=A broad view of intelligence: The theory of successful intelligence |journal=Consulting Psychology Journal: Practice and Research |volume=55 |pages=139–154 |doi=10.1037/1061-4087.55.3.139 |issue=3}} }}</ref> He now defines intelligence as an individual's assessment of success in life by the individual's own ([[nomothetic and idiographic|idiographic]]) standards and within the individual's sociocultural context. Success is achieved by using combinations of analytical, creative, and practical intelligence. The three aspects of intelligence are referred to as processing skills. The processing skills are applied to the pursuit of success through what were the three elements of practical intelligence: adapting to, shaping of, and selecting of one's environments. The mechanisms that employ the processing skills to achieve success include utilizing one's strengths and compensating or correcting for one's weaknesses.

Sternberg's theories and research on intelligence remain contentious within the scientific community.<ref>{{multiref2
|1={{Cite journal |author=Brody, N. |year=2003 |title=Construct validation of the Sternberg Triarchic Abilities Test: Comment and reanalysis |journal=Intelligence |volume=31 |pages=319–329 |doi=10.1016/S0160-2896(01)00087-3 |issue=4}}
|2={{Cite journal |author=Brody, N. |year=2003 |title =What Sternberg should have concluded |journal=Intelligence |volume=31 |pages=339–342 |doi=10.1016/S0160-2896(02)00190-3 |issue=4}}
|3={{Cite journal |author=Gottfredson, L.S. |year=2003 |title=Dissecting practical intelligence theory: Its claims and evidence |journal=Intelligence |volume=31 |pages=343–397 |doi=10.1016/S0160-2896(02)00085-5 |issue=4}}
|4={{Cite journal |author=Gottfredson, L.S. |year=2003 |title=On Sternberg's 'Reply to Gottfredson{{'-}} |journal=Intelligence |volume=31 |pages=415–424 |doi=10.1016/S0160-2896(03)00024-2 |issue=4}} }}</ref>