Editing Hui people (section)

=== Other nomenclature ===
Islam was originally called Dashi Jiao during the [[Tang dynasty]], when Muslims first appeared in China. "Dashi Fa" literally means "Arab law" in [[Old Chinese]].{{sfn|Israeli|2002}} Since almost all Muslims in China were exclusively foreign Arabs or Persians at the time, it was rarely mentioned by the Chinese, unlike other religions like [[Zoroastrism]] or [[Mazdaism]], and [[Nestorianism|Nestorian Christianity]], which gained followings in China.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.islamicpopulation.com/asia/China/China_integration%20of%20religious%20minority.pdf |title=The Integration of Religious Minorities in China: The Case of Chinese Muslims |first=Donald Daniel |last=Leslie |year=1998 |publisher=The Fifty-ninth George Ernest Morrison Lecture in Ethnology |access-date=30 November 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101217112014/http://islamicpopulation.com/asia/China/China_integration%20of%20religious%20minority.pdf |archive-date=17 December 2010 }}</ref> As an influx of foreigners, such as Persians, Jews and Christians, the majority of whom were Muslims who came from western regions, were labelled as [[Semu]] people, but were also mistaken by Chinese for Uyghur, due to them coming from the west (Uyghur lands).{{sfn|Lipman|1997|p = 33}} The name "Hui Hui" was applied to them, and eventually became the name applied to Muslims.

Another, probably unrelated, early use of the word ''Huihui'' comes from the ''[[History of Liao]]'', which mentions [[Yelü Dashi]], the 12th-century founder of the [[Kara-Khitan Khanate]], defeating the ''Huihui Dashibu'' ({{lang|zh|回回大食部}}) people near [[Samarkand]]—apparently, referring to his defeat of the [[Khwārazm-Shāh dynasty|Khwarazm]] ruler [[Ahmed Sanjar]] in 1141.{{sfn|Dillon|1999|p = 13}} [[Khwarazm]] is referred to as ''Huihuiguo'' in the ''[[Secret History of the Mongols]]'' as well.{{sfn|Dillon|1999|p = 15}}

While ''Huihui'' or ''Hui'' remained a generic name for all Muslims in Imperial China, specific terms were sometimes used to refer to particular groups, e.g. ''Chantou Hui'' ("[[turban]]ed Hui") for Uyghurs, ''Dongxiang Hui'' and ''Sala Hui'' for [[Dongxiang people|Dongxiang]] and [[Salar people]], and sometimes even ''Han Hui'' ({{lang|zh-hant|漢回}}) ("Chinese Hui") for the (presumably Chinese-speaking) Muslims more assimilated into the Chinese mainstream society.<ref>{{harvnb|Gladney|1996|p=18}}; {{harvnb|Lipman|1997|p=xxiii}}</ref><ref name="Garnaut">{{cite web|url=http://www.ouigour.fr/recherches_et_analyses/Garnautpage_93.pdf |title=From Yunnan to Xinjiang:Governor Yang Zengxin and his Dungan Generals |last=Garnaut |first=Anthony |publisher=Pacific and Asian History, Australian National University |page=95 |access-date=14 July 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120309054654/http://www.ouigour.fr/recherches_et_analyses/Garnautpage_93.pdf |archive-date=9 March 2012 }}</ref>

[[File:5612-Linxia-City-halal-bathhouse.jpg|thumb|A [[halal]] ({{lang|zh|清真}}) shower house in [[Linxia City]]]]

In the 1930s, the [[Chinese Communist Party]] (CCP) defined the term Hui as indicating only [[Sinophone]] Muslims. In 1941, this was clarified by a CCP committee comprising ethnic policy researchers in a treatise entitled "On the question of Huihui Ethnicity" (回回民族问题, Huíhui mínzú wèntí). This treatise defined the characteristics of the Hui nationality as an ethnic group associated with, but not defined by, Islam and descended primarily from Muslims who migrated to China during the Mongol-founded Yuan dynasty (1271–1368), as distinct from the Uyghur and other Turkic-speaking ethnic groups in Xinjiang. The Nationalist government by contrast recognised all Muslims as one of "the five peoples"—alongside the [[Manchus]], [[Mongols]], [[Tibetans]], and [[Han Chinese]]—that constituted the Republic of China.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.chinaheritagequarterly.org/editorial.php?issue=005 |title=Editorial |work=China Heritage Quarterly |access-date=17 September 2016 |archive-date=14 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160314081901/http://chinaheritagequarterly.org/editorial.php?issue=005 |url-status=live }}</ref>

A traditional [[Chinese language|Chinese]] term for Islam is "{{lang|zh|回教}}" ([[pinyin]]: {{lang|zh-latn|Huíjiào}}, literally "the religion of the Hui"). However, since the early days of the PRC, thanks to the arguments of such Marxist Hui scholars as [[Bai Shouyi]], the standard term for "Islam" within the PRC has become the [[transliteration]] "{{lang|zh-hant|伊斯蘭教}}" (pinyin: {{lang|zh-latn|Yīsīlán jiào}}, literally "Islam religion").{{sfn|Gladney|1996|pp = 18–19}}{{sfn|Gladney|2004|pp = 161–162}} The more traditional term ''Huijiao'' remains in use in Singapore, Taiwan and other overseas Chinese communities.<ref>On the continuing use of ''Huijiao'' in Taiwan, see {{harvnb|Gladney|1996|pp=18–19}}</ref>

'''Qīngzhēn''': ({{lang|zh|清真}}, literally "pure and true") has also been a popular term for Muslim culture since the Yuan or Ming dynasty. Gladney suggested that a good translation for it would be the [[Arabic language|Arabic]] {{lang|zh-latn|tahára}}. i.e. "ritual or moral purity"{{sfn|Gladney|1996|pp=12–13}} The usual term for a mosque is {{lang|zh-latn|qīngzhēn sì}} ({{lang|zh|清真寺}}), i.e. "true and pure temple", and {{lang|zh-latn|qīngzhēn}} is commonly used to refer to halal eating establishments and bathhouses.

In contrast, the Uyghurs were called "Chan Tou Hui" ("Turban Headed Muslim"), and the Turkic Salars called "Sala Hui" (Salar Muslim), while Turkic speakers often referred to Hui as "Dungan".<ref name="Garnaut" />{{sfn|Lipman|1997|p = xxiii}}

'''Zhongyuan ren''': During the [[Qing dynasty]], the term ''Zhongyuan ren'' ({{zh|labels=no |c=中原人 |l=people from the [[Central Plain (China)|Central Plain]]}}) was the term for all Chinese, encompassing [[Han Chinese]] and Hui in Xinjiang or Central Asia. While Hui are not Han, they consider themselves to be Chinese and include themselves in the larger group of ''Zhongyuan ren''.<ref>{{cite book| first=Richard V. |last=Weekes| title=Muslim peoples: a world ethnographic survey |volume=1| url={{google books |itiOSRAAACAAJ |plainurl=yes |page=334}}| access-date=28 November 2010| year=1984| publisher=Greenwood Press| isbn=0-313-23392-6| page=334}}</ref> The [[Dungan people]], descendants of Hui who fled to Central Asia, called themselves ''Zhongyuan ren'' in addition to the standard labels ''lao huihui'' and ''huizi''.<ref>{{cite book| first1=James Stuart |last1=Olson |first2=Nicholas Charles |last2=Pappas| title=An Ethnohistorical dictionary of the Russian and Soviet empires| url={{google books |CquTz6ps5YgC |plainurl=yes |page=202}}| access-date=28 November 2010| year=1994| publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group| isbn=0-313-27497-5| page=202}}</ref> {{lang|zh-Latn|Zhongyuan ren}} was used by Turkic Muslims to refer to ethnic Chinese. When Central Asian invaders from [[Kokand]] invaded [[Kashgar]], in a letter the Kokandi commander criticised the Kashgari Turkic Muslim Ishaq for allegedly not behaving like a Muslim and wanting to be a {{lang|zh-Latn|Zhongyuan ren}} (Chinese).{{sfn|Millward|1998|p=215}}<ref>{{cite book| first=Laura |last=Newby| title=The Empire and the Khanate: a political history of Qing relations with Khoqand c. 1760–1860| url={{google books |KTmO416hNQ8C |plainurl=yes |page=148}}| access-date=28 November 2010| year=2005| publisher=BRILL| isbn=90-04-14550-8| page=148}}</ref>

Some Uyghurs barely see any difference between Hui and Han. A Uyghur social scientist, Dilshat, regarded Hui as the same people as Han, deliberately calling Hui people Han and dismissing the Hui as having only a few hundred years of history.{{sfn|Bellér-Hann|2007|p = 185}}

'''Pusuman''': ''Pusuman'' was a name used by Chinese during the [[Yuan dynasty]]. It could have been a corruption of ''[[wiktionary:Musalman|Musalman]]'' or another name for Persians. It means either Muslim or Persian.<ref>{{cite book| first=Ralph| last=Kauz| editor-first=Ralph| editor-last=Kauz| title=Aspects of the Maritime Silk Road: From the Persian Gulf to the East China Sea| url={{google books|plainurl=y|id=YJibpHfnw94C|page=89}}| access-date=28 June 2010| date=20 May 2010| publisher=Otto Harrassowitz Verlag| isbn=978-3-447-06103-2| page=89}}</ref>{{sfn|Australian National University. Dept. of Far Eastern History|1986|p=90}} Pusuman Kuo (Pusuman Guo) referred to the country where they came from.<ref>{{cite book| first=Gabriel| last=Ronay| title=The Tartar Khan's Englishman| url={{google books |hihtAAAAMAAJ|plainurl=yes|page=111}}| access-date=28 June 2010| year=1978| publisher=Cassell| isbn=0-304-30054-3| page=111}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url={{google books|plainurl=y|id=_GzXtdv_QHYC|title=13|page=13}}|title=The journey of William of Rubruck to the eastern parts of the world, 1253-55: as narrated by himself, with two accounts of the earlier journey of John of Pian de Carpine|author=Willem van Ruysbroeck |editor=William Woodville Rockhill|year=1900|publisher=Printed for the Hakluyt Society|page=13|access-date=28 June 2010}}</ref> The name "Pusuman zi" (pusuman script), was used to refer to the script that the HuiHui (Muslims) were using.{{sfn|Australian National University. Dept. of Far Eastern History|1986}}

'''Muslim Chinese''': The term ''Chinese Muslim'' is sometimes used to refer to Hui people, given that they speak Chinese, in contrast to, e.g., Turkic-speaking Salars. During the Qing dynasty, ''Chinese Muslim'' (Han Hui) was sometimes used to refer to Hui people, which differentiated them from non-Chinese-speaking Muslims. However, not all Hui are Muslims, nor are all Chinese Muslims, Hui. For example, [[Li Yong (television host)|Li Yong]] is a famous [[Han Chinese]] who practices Islam and [[Hui Liangyu]] is a notable atheist Hui. In addition, most Uyghurs, Kazakhs, Kirghiz and [[Dongxiang people|Dongxiang]] in China are Muslims, but are not Hui.{{citation needed|date=April 2014}}

[[John Stuart Thomson]], who traveled in China, called them "Mohammedan Chinese".<ref>{{cite book|url={{google books |plainurl=y |id=OPUTAAAAIAAJ|page=411}}|title=China revolutionized|first=John Stuart |last=Thomson|year=1913 |publisher=The Bobbs-Merrill company|page=411|access-date=28 June 2010}}</ref> They have also been called "Chinese Mussulmans", when Europeans wanted to distinguish them from [[Han Chinese]].<ref>{{cite book|url={{google books |plainurl=y |id=Zv9WAAAAMAAJ |page=203}}|title=Chinese Central Asia |first=Clarmont Percival|last=Skrine|year=1926|publisher=Methuen|page=203|access-date=28 June 2010}}</ref>