Editing Hubert Humphrey (section)

==Presidential and vice-presidential ambitions (1952–1964)==
[[File:1960 Dem Primaries.svg|thumb|300px|In the 1960 primaries, Humphrey won South Dakota and Washington, D.C.]]
Humphrey ran for the Democratic presidential nomination twice before his election to the vice presidency in 1964. The first time was as Minnesota's [[favorite son]] in 1952; he received only 26 votes on the first ballot.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cnn.com/ALLPOLITICS/1996/conventions/chicago/facts/weird.facts/votes.shtml|title=All The Votes ... Really|work=CNN|year=1996}}</ref> The second time was in 1960. In between these two bids, Humphrey was part of the free-for-all for the vice-presidential nomination at the [[1956 Democratic National Convention]], where he received 134.5 votes on the first ballot and 74.5 on the second.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://partners.nytimes.com/library/politics/camp/560818convention-dem-ra.html|title=Kefauver Nominated for Vice President; Beats Kennedy, 755 1/2 – 589, on Second Ballot; Stevenson Vows Drive for a 'New America'|author=W.H. Lawrence|work=The New York Times|date=August 18, 1956}}</ref>

In [[1960 Democratic Party presidential primaries|1960]], Humphrey ran for the nomination against fellow Senator [[John F. Kennedy]] in the primaries. Their first meeting was in the Wisconsin primary, where Kennedy's well-organized and well-funded campaign overcame Humphrey's energetic but poorly funded effort.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://pages.shanti.virginia.edu/Kennedys_in_the_60s/jfk/public-view/|title=JFK and the Public View|publisher=shanti.virginia.edu}}</ref> Humphrey believed defeating Kennedy in Wisconsin would weaken and slow the momentum of the latter's campaign.<ref>{{cite book|title=JFK, LBJ, and the Democratic Party|first=Sean J.|last=Savage|page=[https://archive.org/details/jfklbjdemocratic00sava_0/page/51 51]|year=2004|publisher=State University of New York Press|isbn=978-0791461693|url=https://archive.org/details/jfklbjdemocratic00sava_0/page/51}}</ref> [[Kennedy family|Kennedy's attractive brothers, sisters, and wife Jacqueline]] combed the state for votes. At one point Humphrey memorably complained that he "felt like an independent merchant competing against a chain store".{{sfn|Solberg|1984|p=205}} Humphrey later wrote in his memoirs that "Muriel and I and our 'plain folks' entourage were no match for the glamour of Jackie Kennedy and the other Kennedy women, for [[Peter Lawford]] ... and [[Frank Sinatra]] singing their commercial 'High Hopes'. Jack Kennedy brought family and Hollywood to Wisconsin. The people loved it, and the press ate it up."<ref>Humphrey, p. 207</ref> Kennedy won the Wisconsin primary, but by a smaller margin than anticipated. Some commentators argued that Kennedy's victory margin had come almost entirely from areas with large [[Roman Catholic]] populations,{{sfn|Solberg|1984|p=208}} and that [[Protestants]] had supported Humphrey. As a result, Humphrey refused to quit the race and decided to run against Kennedy again in the West Virginia primary. According to one biographer, "Humphrey thought his chances were good in West Virginia, one of the few states that had backed him in his losing race for vice-president four years earlier ... West Virginia was more rural than urban, [which] seemed to invite Humphrey's folksy stump style. The state, moreover, was a citadel of labor. It was depressed; unemployment had hit hard; and coal miners' families were hungry. Humphrey felt he could talk to such people, who were 95% Protestant (Humphrey was a [[Congregationalist]])<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YRTeKY1xcVUC&pg=PA28|title=Hubert H. Humphrey: The Politics of Joy|author=Charles L. Garrettson|publisher=Transaction Publishers|year=1993|isbn=9781412825597}}</ref> and deep-dyed Bible-belters besides."{{sfn|Solberg|1984|p=208}}

Kennedy chose to meet the religion issue head-on. In radio broadcasts, he carefully redefined the issue from Catholic versus [[Protestant]] to tolerance versus intolerance. Kennedy's appeal placed Humphrey, who had championed tolerance his entire career, on the defensive, and Kennedy attacked him with a vengeance. [[Franklin D. Roosevelt Jr.]], the son of the former president, stumped for Kennedy in West Virginia and raised the issue of Humphrey's failure to serve in the armed forces in World War II. Roosevelt told audiences, "I don't know where he [Humphrey] was in World War Two," and handed out flyers charging that Humphrey was a draft dodger.{{sfn|Solberg|1984|p=209}} Historian [[Robert Dallek]] has written that [[Robert F. Kennedy]], who was serving as his brother's campaign manager, came into "possession of information that Humphrey may have sought military deferments during World War Two ... he pressed Roosevelt to use this."<ref name="Dallek, p. 256">Dallek, p. 256.</ref> Humphrey believed Roosevelt's draft-dodger claim "had been approved by Bobby [Kennedy], if not Jack".<ref name="Dallek, p. 256"/> The claims that Humphrey was a draft dodger were inaccurate, because during the war Humphrey had "tried and failed to get into the [military] service because of physical disabilities".<ref name="Dallek, p. 256"/> After the West Virginia primary, Roosevelt sent Humphrey a written apology and retraction.{{sfn|Solberg|1984|p=209}} According to historian [[Arthur Schlesinger, Jr.]], Roosevelt "felt that he had been used, blaming [the draft-dodger charge] on Robert Kennedy's determination to win at any cost ... Roosevelt said later that it was the biggest political mistake of his career."<ref>Schlesinger, p. 201</ref>

Short on funds, Humphrey could not match the well-financed Kennedy operation. He traveled around the state in a rented bus while Kennedy and his staff flew in a large, family-owned airplane.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wvculture.org/history/1960presidentialcampaign/article.html|title=Battleground West Virginia Electing the President in 1960|author=Bryan Ward Jr.|publisher=wvculture.org|date=April 26, 2013|access-date=April 27, 2013|archive-date=November 12, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121112055237/http://www.wvculture.org/history/1960presidentialcampaign/article.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> According to his biographer Carl Solberg, Humphrey spent only $23,000 on the West Virginia primary while Kennedy's campaign privately spent $1.5&nbsp;million, well over their official estimate of $100,000.{{sfn|Solberg|1984|pp=210–211}} Unproven accusations claimed that the Kennedys had bought the West Virginia primary by bribing county sheriffs and other local officials to give Kennedy the vote.<ref>Humphrey, pp. 214–218.</ref> Humphrey later wrote, "as a professional politician I was able to accept and indeed respect the efficacy of the Kennedy campaign. But underneath the beautiful exterior, there was an element of ruthlessness and toughness that I had trouble either accepting or forgetting."<ref>Humphrey, p. 208</ref> Kennedy defeated Humphrey soundly in West Virginia with 60.8% of the vote.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gwu.edu/~erpapers/mep/displaydoc.cfm?docid=erps-wvp60|title=The West Virginia Primary|publisher=The Eleanor Roosevelt Papers Projects|year=2006}}</ref> That evening, Humphrey announced that he was leaving the race.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.as.wvu.edu/WVHistory/documents/103.pdf|title=Presidential Primary, 1960|publisher=as.wvu.edu|date=April 26, 2013|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304195225/http://www.as.wvu.edu/WVHistory/documents/103.pdf|archive-date=March 4, 2016}}</ref> By winning West Virginia, Kennedy overcame the belief that Protestant voters would not elect a Catholic to the presidency and thus sewed up the Democratic nomination.{{sfn|Solberg|1984|p=209}}

Humphrey won the South Dakota and District of Columbia primaries, which Kennedy did not enter.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.jfklibrary.org/Research/Research-Aids/Ready-Reference/JFK-Fast-Facts/Primaries-1960.aspx|title=John F. Kennedy Fast Facts: 1960 Presidential Election Primaries|publisher=[[John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum]]| date=May 19, 2012}}</ref> At the [[1960 Democratic National Convention]], he received 41 votes even though he was no longer a candidate.

[[File:HHH-CKS-MLK-1964.jpg|thumb|230px|Vice President-elect Humphrey alongside [[Coretta Scott King]] and civil rights leader Dr. [[Martin Luther King Jr.]] in 1964.]]

=== Vice presidential campaign ===

{{Further|1964 Democratic Party vice presidential candidate selection|Lyndon B. Johnson 1964 presidential campaign#Democratic national convention}}
Humphrey's defeat in 1960 had a profound influence on his thinking; after the primaries he told friends that, as a relatively poor man in politics, he was unlikely to ever become president unless he served as vice president first.{{sfn|Solberg|1984|p=240}} Humphrey believed that only in this way could he attain the funds, nationwide organization, and visibility he would need to win the Democratic nomination. So as the [[1964 United States presidential election|1964 presidential campaign]] began, Humphrey made clear his interest in becoming Lyndon Johnson's running mate. At the [[1964 Democratic National Convention]], Johnson kept the three likely vice-presidential candidates, Connecticut Senator [[Thomas J. Dodd|Thomas Dodd]], fellow Minnesota Senator [[Eugene McCarthy]], and Humphrey,<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IBvIFG6q4AkC&pg=PA209|title=When Freedom Would Triumph: The Civil Rights Struggle in Congress, 1954–1968|author=Robert Mann|isbn=978-0807132500|publisher=LSU Press|year=2013}}</ref> as well as the rest of the nation, in suspense before announcing his choice of Humphrey with much fanfare, praising his qualifications at considerable length before announcing his name.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Pomper |first1=Gerald |title=The Nomination of Hubert Humphrey for Vice-President |journal=The Journal of Politics |date=1966 |volume=28 |issue=3 |pages=639–659 |doi=10.2307/2128160 |jstor=2128160 |s2cid=154741950 }}</ref>

The following day Humphrey's acceptance speech overshadowed Johnson's own acceptance address:

{{blockquote|Hubert warmed up with a long tribute to the President, then hit his stride as he began a rhythmic jabbing and chopping at [[Barry Goldwater]]. "Most Democrats and Republicans in the Senate voted for an $11.5&nbsp;billion tax cut for American citizens and American business," he cried, "but not Senator Goldwater. Most Democrats and Republicans in the Senate – in fact four-fifths of the members of his own party – voted for the Civil Rights Act, but not Senator Goldwater."

Time after time, he capped his indictments with the drumbeat cry: "But not Senator Goldwater!" The delegates caught the cadence and took up the chant. A quizzical smile spread across Humphrey's face, then turned to a laugh of triumph. Hubert was in fine form. He knew it. The delegates knew it. And no one could deny that Hubert Humphrey would be a formidable political antagonist in the weeks ahead.<ref>{{cite magazine|title=The Man Who Quit Kicking the Wall|magazine=Time|date=September 4, 1964|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,830552-6,00.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080501122917/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,830552-6,00.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=May 1, 2008|access-date=May 31, 2007}}</ref>}}

In an address before labor leaders in [[Youngstown, Ohio]], on September 7, 1964, Humphrey said the labor movement had "more at stake in this election than almost any other segment of society".<ref>{{cite news|url=http://archives.chicagotribune.com/1964/09/08/page/1/article/bid-for-union-backing-made-by-humphrey|title=Bid For Union Backing Made by Humphrey|date=September 8, 1964|newspaper=Chicago Tribune|access-date=May 5, 2017|archive-date=June 4, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200604014002/https://chicagotribune.newspapers.com/|url-status=dead}}</ref> In [[Jamesburg, New Jersey]], on September 10, Humphrey remarked that Goldwater had a "record of retreat and reaction" when it came to issues of urban housing.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://archives.chicagotribune.com/1964/09/11/page/3/article/humphrey-assails-barry-on-housing|title=Humphrey Assails Barry on Housing|date=September 11, 1964|newspaper=Chicago Tribune|access-date=May 5, 2017|archive-date=June 4, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200604014002/https://chicagotribune.newspapers.com/|url-status=dead}}</ref> During a September 12 [[Denver]] Democratic rally, Humphrey charged Goldwater with having rejected programs that most Americans and members of his own party supported.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://archives.chicagotribune.com/1964/09/13/page/3/article/goldwater-is-no-man-says-sen-humphrey|title=Goldwater Is 'No' Man, Says Sen. Humphrey|date=September 13, 1964|newspaper=Chicago Tribune|access-date=May 5, 2017|archive-date=June 4, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200604014002/https://chicagotribune.newspapers.com/|url-status=dead}}</ref> At a [[Santa Fe, New Mexico|Santa Fe]] September 13 rally, Humphrey said the Goldwater-led Republican Party was seeking "to divide America so that they may conquer" and that Goldwater would pinch individuals in his reduction of government.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://archives.chicagotribune.com/1964/09/14/page/9/article/humphrey-says-g-o-p-seeks-to-divide-conquer|title=Humphrey Says G.O.P. Seeks to Divide, Conquer|date=September 14, 1964|newspaper=Chicago Tribune|access-date=May 5, 2017|archive-date=June 4, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200604014002/https://chicagotribune.newspapers.com/|url-status=dead}}</ref> On September 16, Humphrey said the [[Americans for Democratic Action]] supported the Johnson administration's economic sanctions against Cuba, and that the organization wanted to see a free Cuban government.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://archives.chicagotribune.com/1964/09/17/page/3/article/a-d-a-s-views-on-cuba-told-by-humphrey|title=A.D.A.'s Views On Cuba Told By Humphrey|date=September 17, 1964|newspaper=Chicago Tribune|access-date=May 5, 2017|archive-date=June 4, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200604014005/https://chicagotribune.newspapers.com/|url-status=dead}}</ref> The following day in [[San Antonio]], Texas, Humphrey said Goldwater opposed programs favored by most Texans and Americans.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://archives.chicagotribune.com/1964/09/18/page/4/article/barry-fans-meet-humphrey-at-alamo|title=Barry Fans Meet Humphrey at Alamo|newspaper=Chicago Tribune|date=September 18, 1964|access-date=May 5, 2017|archive-date=June 4, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200604014005/https://chicagotribune.newspapers.com/|url-status=dead}}</ref> During a September 27 appearance in [[Cleveland]], Ohio, Humphrey said the Kennedy administration had led America in a prosperous direction and called for voters to issue a referendum with their vote against "those who seek to replace the Statue of Liberty with an iron-padlocked gate."<ref>{{cite news|url=http://archives.chicagotribune.com/1964/09/28/page/26/article/humphrey-hits-g-o-p-view-on-immigration|title=Humphrey Hits G.O.P. View on Immigration|date=September 28, 1964|newspaper=Chicago Tribune|access-date=May 5, 2017|archive-date=June 4, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200604014005/https://chicagotribune.newspapers.com/|url-status=dead}}</ref> At an October 1 rally in [[Tacoma]], Washington, Humphrey attacked Goldwater as a radical who opposed the 1960 GOP platform and true conservatism, which in Humphrey's opinion meant a balance of tradition and progress.<ref>HUMPHREY SCORES G.O.P.'S PLATFORM; Senator Denies Goldwater Is a ‘Real’ Conservative; The New York Times, October 2, 1964</ref>

At Shrine Auditorium in Los Angeles, California, on October 2, Humphrey said the general election would give voters a choice between his running mate and a candidate "who curses the darkness and never lights a candle".<ref>{{cite news|url=http://archives.chicagotribune.com/1964/10/03/page/8/article/barry-scored-by-humphrey-in-california|title=Barry Scored by Humphrey in California|date=October 3, 1964|newspaper=Chicago Tribune|access-date=May 5, 2017|archive-date=August 16, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170816193149/http://archives.chicagotribune.com/1964/10/03/page/8/article/barry-scored-by-humphrey-in-california/|url-status=dead}}</ref> During an October 9 [[Jersey City, New Jersey]], appearance, Humphrey responded to critics of the administration, who he called "sick and tired Americans", by touting the accomplishments of both Kennedy's and Johnson's presidencies.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://archives.chicagotribune.com/1964/10/10/page/10/article/sick-and-tired-americans-hit-by-humphrey|title='Sick and Tired Americans' Hit By Humphrey|date=October 9, 1964|newspaper=Chicago Tribune|access-date=May 5, 2017|archive-date=August 16, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170816193407/http://archives.chicagotribune.com/1964/10/10/page/10/article/sick-and-tired-americans-hit-by-humphrey/|url-status=dead}}</ref> In [[Tampa, Florida]], on October 18, a week after the resignation of [[Walter Jenkins]] amid a scandal, Humphrey said he was unaware of any potential security leaks relating to the case.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://archives.chicagotribune.com/1964/10/19/page/9/article/hubert-sad-over-jenkins-case|title=Hubert Sad Over Jenkins Case|date=October 19, 1964|newspaper=Chicago Tribune|access-date=May 5, 2017|archive-date=August 16, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170816233035/http://archives.chicagotribune.com/1964/10/19/page/9/article/hubert-sad-over-jenkins-case/|url-status=dead}}</ref> In [[Minneapolis]] on October 24, Humphrey listed the censure vote toward Senator [[Joseph McCarthy]], the civil rights bill, and the nuclear test ban treaty as "three great issues of conscience to come before the United States Senate in the past decade" that Goldwater had voted incorrectly on as a Senator.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://archives.chicagotribune.com/1964/10/25/page/2/article/humphrey-hits-barrys-no-on-great-issues|title=Humphrey Hits Barry's 'No' on 'Great Issues'|date=October 25, 1964|newspaper=Chicago Tribune|access-date=August 16, 2017|archive-date=August 16, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170816192903/http://archives.chicagotribune.com/1964/10/25/page/2/article/humphrey-hits-barrys-no-on-great-issues/|url-status=dead}}</ref> In an October 26 speech in Chicago, Humphrey called Goldwater "neither a Republican nor a Democrat" and "a radical".<ref>{{cite news|url=http://archives.chicagotribune.com/1964/10/27/page/1/article/15-000-in-loop-for-humphrey|title=15,000 In Loop For Humphrey|newspaper=Chicago Tribune|date=October 27, 1964|access-date=August 16, 2017|archive-date=August 16, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170816233038/http://archives.chicagotribune.com/1964/10/27/page/1/article/15-000-in-loop-for-humphrey/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

The Johnson-Humphrey ticket won the election overwhelmingly, with 486 electoral votes out of 538.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.archives.gov/federal-register/electoral-college/votes/1965_1969.html|title=Electoral Votes for President and Vice President 1964 ELECTION FOR THE FORTY-FIFTH TERM, 1965–1969|publisher=archives.gov|date=May 29, 2013}}</ref> Only five Southern states and Goldwater's home state of Arizona supported the Republican ticket.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/showelection.php?year=1964|title=The American Presidency Project Election of 1964|author=Gerhard Peters|publisher=University of California |location=Santa Barbara|year=1999}}</ref> In October Humphrey had predicted that the ticket would win by a large margin but not carry every state.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://archives.chicagotribune.com/1964/10/08/page/10/article/huberts-sure-victory-is-all-wrapped-up|title=Hubert's Sure Victory Is All Wrapped Up|first=Russell|last=Freeburg|newspaper=Chicago Tribune|access-date=May 5, 2017|archive-date=June 4, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200604014020/https://chicagotribune.newspapers.com/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

=== Vice President-elect of the United States ===
[[File:President Lyndon B. Johnson and Vice-President-Elect Hubert Humphrey (436-253-wh64).jpg|thumb|right|Humphrey (right) horse-riding with President Johnson (left) at the [[LBJ Ranch|LBJ ranch]], {{circa|November 4, 1964}}]]
Soon after winning the election, Humphrey and Johnson went to [[LBJ Ranch|LBJ ranch]] near [[Stonewall, Texas]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Humphrey|first=Hubert H.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=S57qnQEACAAJ|title=Education of a Public Man: My Life and Politics|publisher=[[Doubleday (publisher)|Doubleday & Company]]|year=1976|isbn=9780816618972|pages=302}}</ref> On November 6, 1964, Humphrey traveled to the [[Virgin Islands]] for a two-week vacation.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://archives.chicagotribune.com/1964/11/09/page/18/article/hubert-rests-friends-fish-in-virgin-isles|title=Humphrey Rests, Friends Fish in Virgin Isles|date=November 9, 1964|newspaper=Chicago Tribune|access-date=June 24, 2017|archive-date=June 4, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200604014005/https://chicagotribune.newspapers.com/|url-status=dead}}</ref> News stations aired taped remarks in which Humphrey stated that he had not discussed with Johnson what his role would be as vice president and that national campaigns should be reduced by four weeks.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://archives.chicagotribune.com/1964/11/09/page/18/article/shorter-campaigns-urged-by-humphrey|title=Shorter Campaigns Urged by Humphrey|date=November 9, 1964|newspaper=Chicago Tribune|access-date=June 24, 2017|archive-date=June 4, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200604014005/https://chicagotribune.newspapers.com/|url-status=dead}}</ref> In a November 20 interview, Humphrey announced he would resign his Senate seat midway through the next month so that [[Walter Mondale]] could assume the position.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://archives.chicagotribune.com/1964/11/21/page/7/article/hubert-to-quit-senate-job-in-mid-december|title=Hubert To Quit Senate Job in Mid-December|date=November 20, 1964|newspaper=Chicago Tribune|access-date=June 24, 2017|archive-date=June 4, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200604014031/https://chicagotribune.newspapers.com/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

On December 10, 1964, Humphrey met with Johnson in the Oval Office, the latter charging the vice president-elect with "developing a publicity machine extraordinaire and of always wanting to get his name in the paper." Johnson showed Humphrey a George Reed memo with the allegation that the president would die within six months from an already acquired fatal heart disease.<ref>{{cite book|title=LBJ: Architect of American Ambition|first=Randall|last=Woods|page=555|publisher=Harvard University Press|year=2007|isbn=978-0674026995}}</ref> The same day, during a speech in Washington, Johnson announced Humphrey would have the position of giving assistance to governmental civil rights programs.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://archives.chicagotribune.com/1964/12/11/page/2/article/johnson-gives-humphrey-key-rights-task|title=Johnson Gives Humphrey Key Rights Task|date=December 10, 1964|newspaper=Chicago Tribune|access-date=June 24, 2017|archive-date=June 4, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200604014006/https://chicagotribune.newspapers.com/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

On January 19, 1965, the day before the inauguration, Humphrey told the [[Democratic National Committee]] that the party had unified because of the national consensus established by the presidential election.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://archives.chicagotribune.com/1965/01/20/page/5/article/64-campaign-forged-party-unity-hubert|title='64 Campaign Forged Party Unity: Hubert|date=January 20, 1965|first=Russell|last=Freeburg|newspaper=Chicago Tribune|access-date=May 6, 2017|archive-date=June 4, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200604014006/https://chicagotribune.newspapers.com/|url-status=dead}}</ref>