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===Public policies=== Hu Yaobang's rise to power was engineered by Deng Xiaoping, and Hu rose to the highest levels of the Party after Deng displaced [[Hua Guofeng]] as China's "[[paramount leader]]". In 1980 Hu became [[First Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party|General Secretary of the Central Committee's Secretariat]], and was elected to the powerful [[Politburo Standing Committee of the Chinese Communist Party|Politburo Standing Committee]]. In 1981, Hu became [[Chairman of the Chinese Communist Party|CCP Chairman]], but helped abolish the position of Party chairman in 1982, as part of a broader effort to distance China from Maoist politics. Most of the chairman's functions were transferred to the post of General Secretary, a post taken by Hu. Deng's displacement of Hua Guofeng marked the Party leadership's consensus that China should abandon strict Maoist economics in favor of more pragmatic policies, and Hu directed many of Deng's attempts to reform the Chinese economy.<ref name="britannica" /> By 1982, Hu was the second most powerful person in China, after Deng.<ref>Forney</ref> Throughout the last decade of Hu's career, he promoted the role of intellectuals as being fundamental to China's achievement of the [[Four Modernizations]].<ref name="ribao1" /> During the early 1980s, Deng referred to Hu and [[Zhao Ziyang]] as his "left and right hands".<ref name="Wu">Wu</ref> After advancing to the position of general secretary, Hu promoted a number of political reforms, often collaborating with Zhao. The ultimate goals of Hu's reforms were sometimes vaguely defined. Hu attempted to reform China's political system by: requiring candidates to be directly elected in order to enter the Politburo; holding more elections with more than one candidate; increasing government transparency; increasing public consultation before determining Party policy; and, increasing the degree to which government officials could be held directly responsible for their mistakes.<ref name="independent">Becker</ref> During his time in office, Hu tried to rehabilitate the people who were persecuted during the Cultural Revolution. Many Chinese people think that this was his most important achievement. He was also in favor of a pragmatic policy in the [[Tibet Autonomous Region]] after realising the mistakes of previous policies. He ordered the withdrawal of thousands of Han Chinese cadres from the Tibet Autonomous Region following a May 1980 visit to the region, believing that Tibetans and Uyghurs should be empowered to administer their own affairs.<ref>''The Australian''</ref> Hu reduced the number of Han party cadre, and relaxed social controls.<ref name=":05">{{Cite book |last=Lampton |first=David M. |title=Living U.S.-China Relations: From Cold War to Cold War |date=2024 |publisher=[[Rowman & Littlefield]] |isbn=978-1-5381-8725-8 |location=Lanham, MD |pages= |author-link=David M. Lampton}}</ref>{{Rp|page=240}} Han Chinese who remained were required to learn Tibetan and Uyghur.<ref name=bass>Bass 52</ref> He set out six requirements to improve 'existing conditions', including the increase of state funds to the Tibet Autonomous Region, improvements in education, and efforts to revive Tibetan and Uyghur culture.<ref>Bass 51β52</ref> At the same time, Hu stated that "anything that is not suited to Tibet's conditions should be rejected or modified".<ref name=bass/> Hu made a point of explicitly apologizing to Tibetans for China's misrule of the region during this trip. He also declared to cancel Bingtuan (soldier farmers) in [[Xinjiang|Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region]], but he failed to do so due to [[Wang Zhen (general)|Wang Zhen]]'s against.{{clarification needed|date=November 2024}} Later his ethnic policy has been criticized by some high-level officials such as [[Deng Liqun]], as well as some [[Han nationalism|Han nationalists]] who think Hu Yaobang have given too many [[Social privilege]] to ethnic minorities.<ref name="Lee 311" /> Hu traveled widely throughout his time as general secretary, visiting 1500 individual districts and villages in order to inspect the work of local officials and to keep in touch with the common people. In 1971, Hu retraced the route of the [[Long March]], and took the opportunity to visit and inspect remote military bases located in Tibet, Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region, Yunnan, [[Qinghai]], and [[Inner Mongolia]].<ref name="lee312">Lee 312</ref>
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