Editing Howard Hawks (section)

=== Later sound films (1935–1970) ===
In 1934, Hawks went to [[Columbia Pictures]] to make ''[[Twentieth Century (film)|Twentieth Century]]'', starring [[John Barrymore]] and Hawks's distant cousin [[Carole Lombard]]. It was based on a stage play by Hecht and [[Charles MacArthur]] and, along with [[Frank Capra]]'s ''[[It Happened One Night]]'' (released the same year), is considered to be the defining film of the [[Screwball comedy film|screwball comedy]] genre. In 1935, Hawks made ''[[Barbary Coast (film)|Barbary Coast]]'' with [[Edward G. Robinson]] and [[Miriam Hopkins]]. Hawks collaborated with Hecht and MacArthur on ''Barbary Coast'' and reportedly convinced them to work on the film by promising to teach them a marble game. They would switch off between working on the script and playing with marbles during work days.{{sfn|Martin|1985|p=94}}{{rp|94}} In 1936, he made the aviation adventure ''[[Ceiling Zero]]'' with [[James Cagney]] and [[Pat O'Brien (actor)|Pat O'Brien]]. Also in 1936, Hawks began filming ''[[Come and Get It (1936 film)|Come and Get It]]'', starring [[Edward Arnold (actor)|Edward Arnold]], [[Joel McCrea]], [[Frances Farmer]] and [[Walter Brennan]], but he was fired by [[Samuel Goldwyn]] in the middle of shooting, and the film was completed by [[William Wyler]].{{sfn|Wakeman|1987|pp=446-451}}

In 1938, Hawks made the screwball comedy ''[[Bringing Up Baby]]'' for [[RKO Pictures]]. It starred [[Cary Grant]] and [[Katharine Hepburn]] and was adapted by [[Dudley Nichols]] and [[Hagar Wilde]]. Sarris called it "the screwiest of the screwball comedies". Grant plays a near-sighted paleontologist who suffers one humiliation after another due to the lovestruck socialite played by Hepburn.{{sfn|Wakeman|1987|pp=446-451}} Hawks's artistic direction for ''Bringing Up Baby'' revolved around the raw natural chemistry between Grant and Hepburn. With Grant portraying the paleontologist and Hepburn as an heiress, the roles only add to the movie's purpose of disintegrating the line between the real and the imaginary.{{sfn|Willis|1975}} ''Bringing Up Baby'' was a box office flop when initially released and, subsequently, RKO fired Hawks due to extreme losses; however, the film has become regarded as one of Hawks's masterpieces.{{sfn|Laham|2009|pp=27-29}} Regarding Hepburn, Hawks said: "We had trouble with Kate at first. The great trouble is people trying to be funny. If they don't try to be funny, then they are funny."<ref name=McBride>{{harvnb|McBride|1982}}</ref>{{Rp | 72}} Hawks followed it with 11 consecutive hits up to 1951, starting with the aviation drama ''[[Only Angels Have Wings]]'', made in 1939 for [[Columbia Pictures]] and starring Grant,<ref>{{cite magazine|magazine=[[Daily Variety]]|page=63|last=McCarthy|first=Todd|author-link=Todd McCarthy|title=At 100, Hawks remains ever modern, ever a master}}</ref> [[Jean Arthur]], [[Thomas Mitchell (actor)|Thomas Mitchell]], [[Rita Hayworth]] and [[Richard Barthelmess]].{{sfn|Wakeman|1987|pp=446-451}}

[[File:His Girl Friday still 2.jpg|thumb|left|[[Cary Grant]], [[Rosalind Russell]] and [[Ralph Bellamy]] in ''[[His Girl Friday]]'' (1940)]]

Hawks returned to screwball comedy with ''[[His Girl Friday]]'' (1940), starring Grant and [[Rosalind Russell]] and featuring [[Ralph Bellamy]]. It was an adaptation of the Broadway hit ''[[The Front Page]]'' by Hecht and MacArthur,{{sfn|Wakeman|1987|pp=446-451}} which had been made into a [[The Front Page (1931 film)|film in 1931]].{{sfn|Moss|2015|p=57}} [[David Thomson (film critic)|David Thomson]] writes that Hawks "turned ''The Front Page'' inside out – this is the first demolition re-make (a noble form). He said, suppose the editor and the reporter are a man and a woman, a married couple (just divorced), and the woman is on the point of leaving the paper to get married to a decent, wholesome, truthful idiot? Thus agreeable entertainment becomes ravishing art; thus a sentimental tribute to friendship becomes a frenzied rhapsody on the perils of being in love while guarding the love against all those plausibly 'real' things."<ref>{{cite web| title=David Thomson's Top Ten Films: His Girl Friday| date=June 9, 2002| last=Thomson| first=David| author-link=David Thomson (film critic)| work=[[The Independent]]| url=https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/films/features/david-thomson-s-top-ten-films-his-girl-friday-180444.html}}</ref> Not forgetting the influence Jesse Lasky had on his early career, in 1941, Hawks made ''[[Sergeant York (film)|Sergeant York]]'', starring [[Gary Cooper]] as a pacifist farmer who becomes a decorated [[World War I]] soldier. Hawks directed the film and cast Cooper as a specific favor to Lasky.{{sfn|Mast|1982|p=7}} This was the highest-grossing film of 1941 and won two [[Academy Awards]], for [[Academy Award for Best Actor|Best Actor]] and [[Academy Award for Best Film Editing|Best Editing]], as well as earning Hawks his only nomination for [[Academy Award for Best Director|Best Director]]. Later that year, Hawks worked with Cooper again for ''[[Ball of Fire]]'', which also starred [[Barbara Stanwyck]]. The film was written by [[Billy Wilder]] and [[Charles Brackett]] and is a playful take on ''[[Snow White| Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs]]''. Cooper plays a sheltered, intellectual linguist who is writing an encyclopedia with six other scientists and hires street-wise Stanwyck to help them with modern slang terms. In 1941, Hawks began work on the Howard Hughes-produced (and later directed) film ''[[The Outlaw]]'', based on the life of [[Billy the Kid]] and starring [[Jane Russell]]. Hawks completed initial shooting of the film in early 1941, but due to perfectionism and battles with the Hollywood [[Production Code]], Hughes continued to re-shoot and re-edit the film until 1943, when it was finally released with Hawks uncredited as director.{{sfn|Wakeman|1987|pp=446-451}}
[[File:The-Big-Sleep-trailer-book.jpg|thumb|[[Humphrey Bogart]] as [[Philip Marlowe]] reading [[Raymond Chandler]]'s ''[[The Big Sleep]]'']]
After making the [[World War II]] film ''[[Air Force (film)|Air Force]]'' (1943), starring [[John Garfield]] and written by Nichols, Hawks did two films with [[Humphrey Bogart]] and [[Lauren Bacall]]. [[To Have and Have Not (film)|''To Have and Have Not'']] (1944) stars Bogart, Bacall and Brennan and is based on a novel by [[Ernest Hemingway]]. Hawks was a close friend of Hemingway and made a bet with the author that he could make a good film out of Hemingway's "worst book". Hawks, [[William Faulkner]] and [[Jules Furthman]] collaborated on the script, about an American fishing boat captain working out of [[Martinique]] after the [[Fall of France]] in 1940. Bogart and Bacall fell in love on the set of the film and married soon afterwards. The greatest strength of the movie has been said to come from its atmosphere and use of wit that really plays on the strengths of Bacall and helps the movie solidify the theme of beauty in perpetual opposition.{{sfn|Willis|1975|p=74}} ''To Have and Have Not'' is the only film with contributions from two Nobel laureates, Hemingway and Faulkner.<ref name=McBride/>{{Rp| 57}} Hawks reunited with Bogart and Bacall in 1945 and 1946 with ''[[The Big Sleep (1946 film)|The Big Sleep]]'', based on the [[Philip Marlowe]] detective [[The Big Sleep|novel]] by [[Raymond Chandler]].{{sfn|Wakeman|1987|pp=446-451}} An early 1945 version was substantially recut to comprise the final 1946 U.S. release with additional scenes emphasizing the special repartee chemistry between Bogart and Bacall. The screenplay for the film also reteamed Faulkner and Furthman, in addition to [[Leigh Brackett]]. Chandler, who had been nominated for an Oscar as co-author of the 1944 ''[[Double Indemnity]]'' screenplay, was not invited to help adapt his best selling novel. The film featured [[Dorothy Malone]] in her breakout role, in a part that was largely improvised. Hawks said of her scene: "We just did it because the girl was so damn good-looking. It taught me a great lesson, that if you make a good scene, if we could do something that was fun, the audience goes right along with you." The plot is notoriously convoluted; Hawks recalled that "I never figured out what was going on, but I thought the basic thing had great scenes in it, and was good entertainment. After that I said, 'I'm never going to worry about being logical again.'"<ref name=McBride/>{{Rp| 8}}

In 1948, Hawks made ''[[Red River (1948 film)|Red River]]'', an epic [[Western (genre)|Western]] reminiscent of ''[[Mutiny on the Bounty (1935 film)|Mutiny on the Bounty]]'' starring [[John Wayne]] and [[Montgomery Clift]] in his first film. Later that year, Hawks remade his ''Ball of Fire'' as ''[[A Song Is Born]]'', this time starring [[Danny Kaye]] and [[Virginia Mayo]]. This version follows the same plot but pays more attention to popular [[jazz]] music and includes such jazz legends as [[Tommy Dorsey]], [[Benny Goodman]], [[Louis Armstrong]], [[Lionel Hampton]] and [[Benny Carter]] playing themselves. In 1949, Hawks reteamed with Grant in the screwball comedy ''[[I Was a Male War Bride]]'', also starring [[Ann Sheridan]].{{sfn|Wakeman|1987|pp=446-451}}

[[File:The Thing From Another World (1951 poster).jpg|thumb|upright|''The Thing from Another World'' poster]]
In 1951, Hawks produced, and according to some, directed, a science-fiction film, ''[[The Thing from Another World]]''. Director [[John Carpenter]] stated: "And let's get the record straight. The movie was directed by Howard Hawks. Verifiably directed by Howard Hawks. He let his editor, [[Christian Nyby]], take credit. But the kind of feeling between the male characters—the camaraderie, the group of men that has to fight off the evil—it's all pure Hawksian."<ref name="hvm50">Carpenter, John (speaker). [https://www.tcm.com/this-month/article/88193 "Hidden Values: The movies of the '50s(Television production).'] ''[[Turner Classic Movies]]'', April 9, 2001. Retrieved: January 4, 2009.</ref><ref>Fuhrmann, Henry. [https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1997-05-25-ca-62224-story.html "A 'Thing' to his credit."] ''Los Angeles Times'', May 25, 1997. Retrieved: April 20, 2012.</ref> He followed this with the 1952 Western ''[[The Big Sky (film)|The Big Sky]]'', starring [[Kirk Douglas]]. Later in 1952, Hawks worked with Grant for the fifth and final time in the screwball comedy ''[[Monkey Business (1952 film)|Monkey Business]]'', which also starred [[Marilyn Monroe]] and [[Ginger Rogers]]. Grant plays a scientist (reminiscent of his character in ''Bringing up Baby'') who creates a formula that increases his vitality. Film critic John Belton called the film Hawks's "most organic comedy".{{sfn|Wakeman|1987|pp=446-451}} Hawks's third film of 1952 was a contribution to the omnibus film ''[[O. Henry's Full House]]'', which includes short stories by the writer [[O. Henry]] made by various directors.<ref name="variety O Henry">{{cite news|title=Review: 'O. Henry's Full House'|url=https://variety.com/1951/film/reviews/o-henry-s-full-house-1200417207/|access-date=26 July 2016|agency=Variety|date=31 Dec 1951}}</ref> Hawks's short film ''The Ransom of Red Chief'' starred [[Fred Allen]], [[Oscar Levant]] and [[Jeanne Crain]].{{sfn|Breivold|2006|p=xxvi}}

In 1953, Hawks made ''[[Gentlemen Prefer Blondes (1953 film)|Gentlemen Prefer Blondes]]'', which famously featured Marilyn Monroe singing "[[Diamonds Are a Girl's Best Friend]]". The film starred Monroe and [[Jane Russell]] as two cabaret performing best friends; many critics argue that the film is the only female version of the "buddy film" genre. Choreographer [[Jack Cole (choreographer)|Jack Cole]] is generally credited with staging the musical numbers while Hawks is credited with directing the non-musical scenes. In 1955, Hawks made ''[[Land of the Pharaohs]]'', a [[sword-and-sandal]] epic about ancient Egypt that stars [[Jack Hawkins]] and [[Joan Collins]]. The film was Hawks's final collaboration with longtime friend William Faulkner. In 1959, Hawks worked with John Wayne in ''[[Rio Bravo (movie)|Rio Bravo]]'', also starring [[Dean Martin]], [[Ricky Nelson]] and Walter Brennan as four lawmen "defending the fort" of their local jail in which a local criminal is awaiting a trial while his family attempt to break him out. The screenplay was written by Furthman and Leigh Brackett, who had collaborated with Hawks previously on ''The Big Sleep''. Film critic [[Robin Wood (critic)|Robin Wood]] has said that if he "were asked to choose a film that would justify the existence of Hollywood&nbsp;... it would be ''Rio Bravo''."{{sfn|Wakeman|1987|pp=446-451}}

[[File:Howard Hawks On A Motorcycle Car.jpg|thumb|Howard Hawks on a motorcycle]]
In 1962, Hawks made ''[[Hatari!]]'', again with Wayne, who plays a wild animal catcher in Africa. It was also written by Leigh Brackett. Hawks's knowledge of mechanics allowed him to build the camera-car hybrid that allowed him to film the hunting scenes in the film.{{sfn|Mast|1982|p=6}} In 1964, Hawks made his final comedy, ''[[Man's Favorite Sport?]]'', starring [[Rock Hudson]] (since Cary Grant felt he was too old for the role) and [[Paula Prentiss]]. Hawks then returned to his childhood passion for car races with ''[[Red Line 7000]]'' in 1965, featuring a young [[James Caan]] in his first leading role. Hawks's final two films were both Western remakes of ''Rio Bravo'' starring John Wayne and written by Leigh Brackett. In 1966, Hawks directed ''[[El Dorado (1966 film)|El Dorado]]'', starring Wayne, [[Robert Mitchum]], and Caan, which was released the following year. He then made ''[[Rio Lobo]]'', with Wayne in 1970.{{sfn|Wakeman|1987|pp=446-451}} After ''Rio Lobo'', Hawks planned a project relating to Ernest Hemingway and "Now, Mr. Gus", a comedy about two male friends seeking oil and money. He died in December 1977, before these projects were completed.{{sfn|Mast|1982|p=15}}