Editing Hopi (section)

===Hopi land===

Agriculture is an important part of Hopi culture, and their villages are spread out across the northern part of Arizona. The Hopi and the Navajo did not have a conception of land being bounded and divided. The Hopi people had settled in permanent villages, while the nomadic Navajo people moved around the four corners. Both lived on the land that their ancestors did. On December 16, 1882, [[President Chester A. Arthur]] issued an executive order creating a reservation for the Hopi. It was smaller than the [[Navajo Reservation]], which was the largest in the country.<ref name="Whitely, Peter M. 1988" />

The [[Hopi reservation]] was originally a rectangle 55 by 70 miles (88.5 by 110&nbsp;km) in the middle of the Navajo Reservation, with their village lands taking about half of the land.<ref name="Johansson, S. Ryan 1978">Johansson, S. Ryan., and Preston, S.H. "Tribal Demography: The Hopi and Navaho Populations as Seen through Manuscripts from the 1900 U.S. Census", ''Social Science History'', Vol. 3, No. 1. Duke University Press, (1978): 1–33.</ref> The reservation prevented encroachment by white settlers, but it did not protect the Hopis against the Navajos.<ref name="Whitely, Peter M. 1988" />

The Hopi and the Navajo fought over land, and they had different models of sustainability, as the Navajo were sheepherders. Eventually the Hopi went before the Senate Committee of Interior and Insular Affairs to ask them to help provide a solution to the dispute. The tribes argued over approximately {{convert|1800000|acre|km2}} of land in northern Arizona.<ref>United States Congress, Senate, Committee on Interior and Insular Affairs. ''Navajo-Hopi Land Dispute: Hearing before the Committee on Interior and Insular Affairs, 1974'', Washington DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, (1974): 1–3.</ref> In 1887 the U.S. government passed the [[Dawes Allotment Act]]. The purpose was to divide up communal tribal land into individual allotments by household, to encourage a model of European-American style subsistence farming on individually owned family plots of {{convert|640|acre|km2}} or less. The Department of Interior would declare remaining land "surplus" to the tribe's needs and make it available for purchase by U.S. citizens. For the Hopi, the Act would destroy their ability to farm, their main means of income{{citation needed|date=August 2024}}. The [[Bureau of Indian Affairs]] did not set up land allotments in the Southwest.<ref name="hopieducationfund.org">[http://www.hopieducationfund.org/partners.html Hopi Education Endowment Fund] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091011060917/http://www.hopieducationfund.org/partners.html |date=2009-10-11 }}. Accessed: November 13, 2009.</ref>