Editing Honorius (section)

===Constantius and the beginning of erosion of the Western Empire===
{{One source section|find=This section entirely relies on J.B. Bury from the 19th century|date=January 2025}}

[[Image:ChristianPendantMaria398-407.JPG|thumb|180px|Christian pendant of Empress [[Maria (empress)|Maria]], daughter of [[Stilicho]], and wife of Honorius. The pendant reads, around a central cross (clockwise):<br/>
HONORI<br/>
[[Maria (empress)|MARIA]]<br/>
[[Serena (wife of Stilicho)|SERHNA]]<br/>
VIVATIS<br/>
[[Stilicho|STELICHO]].<br/>
Latin and Greek characters were intermingled in this one. The letters form a [[Christogram]].<br/> [[Louvre]], Paris.]]
The revolt of [[Constantine III (Western Roman emperor)|Constantine III]] in the west continued through this period. In 409, [[Gerontius (magister militum)|Gerontius]], Constantine III's general in Hispania, rebelled against him, proclaimed [[Maximus of Hispania|Maximus]] Emperor, and besieged Constantine at Arles.{{sfn|Bury|1889|p=142}} Honorius now found himself an able commander, [[Constantius III|Constantius]], who defeated Maximus and [[Gerontius (magister militum)|Gerontius]], and then Constantine, in 411.

Gaul was again a source of troubles for Honorius: just after Constantius's troops had returned to Italy, [[Jovinus]] revolted in northern Gaul, with the support of Alans, Burgundians, and the nobility of Gallic descent.{{sfn|Bury|1889|p=145}} Jovinus tried to negotiate with the invading [[Goths]] of [[Ataulf]] (412), but his proclamation of his brother [[Sebastianus]] as [[Augustus (title)|Augustus]] made Ataulf seek alliance with Honorius. Honorius had Ataulf defeat and execute Jovinus in 413.<ref name="Bury, pg. 146">{{harvnb|Bury|1889|p=146}}</ref> At the same time, [[Heraclianus]] raised the standard of revolt in North Africa, but failed during an invasion of Italy. Defeated, he fled back to [[Carthage]] and was killed.<ref name="Bury, pg. 146"/>

In 414, Constantius attacked Ataulf, who proclaimed Priscus Attalus emperor again. Constantius drove Ataulf into Hispania, and Attalus, having again lost Visigoth support, was captured and deposed once again. In the eleventh consulship of Honorius and the second of Constantius, the Emperor entered Rome in triumph, with Attalus at the wheels of his chariot. Honorius punished Attalus by cutting off his right finger and thumb, inflicting the same fate with which Attalus had threatened Honorius. Remembering how Attalus had suggested that Honorius should retire to some small island, he returned the favor by banishing Attalus to the island of [[Lipara]].<ref name="Bury, pg. 150">{{harvnb|Bury|1889|p=150}}</ref>

Northeastern Gaul became subject to even greater [[Franks|Frankish]] influence, while a treaty signed in 418 granted to the [[Visigoths]] southwestern Gaul, the former [[Gallia Aquitania]]. Under the influence of Constantius, Honorius issued the Edict of 418, which was designed to enable the Empire to retain a hold on the lands which were to be surrendered to the Goths.{{sfn|Bury|1889|p=153}} This edict relaxed the administrative bonds that connected all the [[Septem Provinciae|Seven Provinces]] (The Maritime Alps, [[Narbonensis Prima]], [[Narbonensis Secunda]], [[Novempopulania]], [[Aquitania Prima]], [[Aquitania Secunda]] and [[Viennensis]]) with the central government. It removed the imperial governors and allowed the inhabitants, as a dependent federation, to conduct their own affairs, for which purpose representatives of all the towns were to meet every year in [[Arles]].{{sfn|Bury|1889|p=154}}

In 417, Constantius married Honorius's sister, [[Galla Placidia]], much against her will.<ref name="Bury, pg. 150"/> In 421, Honorius recognized him as co-emperor Constantius III;{{sfn|Bury|1889|p=151}} however, when the announcement of his elevation was sent to Constantinople, Theodosius refused to recognise him. Constantius, enraged, began preparations for a military conflict with the eastern empire but before he could commence it, he died in September 421.{{sfn|Bury|1889|p=155}}

In 420–422, another Maximus (or perhaps the same) gained and lost power in Hispania. By the time of Honorius's death in 423, Britain, Spain and Gaul had been ravaged by barbarians.{{sfn|Bury|1889|p=211}} In his final years, Honorius fell out with his sister after his soldiers clashed with hers. Galla Placidia and her children, the future emperor [[Valentinian III]] and his sister, [[Honoria]], were forced to flee to Constantinople.{{sfn|Bury|1889|p=156}}