Editing Homo economicus (section)

===Psychologists and  anthropologists===
Critics{{Citation needed|reason=Who?|date=March 2019}}, learning from the broadly defined [[psychoanalysis|psychoanalytic]] tradition, criticize the ''Homo economicus'' model as ignoring the inner conflicts that real-world individuals suffer, as between short-term and long-term goals (''e.g.,'' eating chocolate cake and losing weight) or between individual goals and societal values. Such conflicts may lead to "irrational" behavior involving inconsistency, psychological paralysis, neurosis, and psychic pain. Further irrational human behaviour can occur as a result of habit, laziness, mimicry and simple obedience.{{cn|date=May 2024}}
According to Sergio Caruso, one should distinguish between the purely "methodological" version of ''Homo economicus'', aimed at practical use in the economic sphere (e.g. economic calculus), and the" anthropological" version, aimed at depicting a certain type of man, or even human nature in general. The former has proved unrealistic, liable to be corrected resorting to [[economic psychology]]. Depicting different types of "economic man" (each depending on the social context) is possible with the help of [[cultural anthropology]], and [[social psychology]]  if only those types are contrived as socially and/or historically determined abstractions (such as [[Max Weber|Weber's]], [[Karl Korsch|Korsch's]], and [[Erich Fromm|Fromm's]] concepts of ''Idealtypus'', "historical specification", and "social character"). Marxist theoretician [[Antonio Gramsci|Gramsci]] admitted of the ''Homo economicus'' as a useful abstraction on the ground of economic theory, provided that we grant there be as many ''homines oeconomici'' as the modes of production. However the concept of ''Homo economicus'' puts aside all other aspects of human nature (such as ''Homo faber'', ''Homo loquens'', ''Homo ludens'', ''Homo reciprocans'', and so on).<ref>Caruso, Sergio: ''Homo oeconomicus. Paradigma, critiche, revisioni'', Florence (Italy): Firenze University Press, 2012 {{ISBN|978-88-6655-105-8}}
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