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===20th century=== [[File:Upper Bloomfield Street between 9th & 10th Street, Hoboken, New Jersey (1900).jpg.jpeg|thumb|left|Upper Bloomfield Street between 9th and 10th, 1900]] [[File:Hoboken 060606b.jpg|thumb|[[Hoboken Terminal]] shortly after it opened in 1907]] Few nonwhites had settled in Hoboken by 1901. The ''[[Brooklyn Eagle]]'' claimed that an unwritten [[sundown town]] policy prevented African Americans from residing or working there.<ref>[https://www.newspapers.com/clip/29071098/ "Colored Folk Shun Hoboken"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220619021204/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/29071098/the-brooklyn-daily-eagle/ |date=June 19, 2022 }}, ''[[Brooklyn Eagle|Brooklyn Daily Eagle]]'', September 29, 1901, via [[Newspapers.com]]. Accessed November 13, 2019. "Hoboken, that unique suburb of New York, which has been maligned by many and spoken of derisively from Maine to California, has one claim to distinction: It has only one negro family within its borders. This is all the more remarkable because its neighbor, Jersey City, is full of colored people and outlying sections also have a large quota. ... Of the hundred and one reasons given for the diminutive size of the negro population of Hoboken, probably the correct one is that there is no way for negroes to earn a livelihood in the city.... There seems to be a sort of unwritten law in the town that negroes are to be barred out. This feeling permeates of everything. The Hobokenese are proud of the distinction conferred on their town by the absence of negroes."</ref> ====World War I==== {{further|Hoboken Port of Embarkation}} When the U.S. entered [[World War I]], the [[Hamburg-American Line]] piers in Hoboken and [[New Orleans]] were taken under [[eminent domain]].<ref>Staff. [https://www.nytimes.com/1917/04/20/archives/army-put-in-charge-of-piers-in-hoboken-waterfront-used-by-teuton.html "Army put in charge of piers in Hoboken; Waterfront Used by Teuton Lines to be a Government Shipping Base. Mayor Reassures Germans May Live in the District So Long as They Are Orderly;-Strict Rules for Saloons. Army put in charge of piers in Hoboken would use German Ships. Marine Experts Want Them to Carry Food to the Allies."] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180728003413/https://www.nytimes.com/1917/04/20/archives/army-put-in-charge-of-piers-in-hoboken-waterfront-used-by-teuton.html |date=July 28, 2018 }}, ''[[The New York Times]]'', April 20, 1917. Accessed September 13, 2018. "About a quarter of a mile of Hoboken's writer front is technically under martial law today. Military authority superseded civil authority early yesterday morning along that part of the shore line occupied by the big North German Lloyd and Hamburg American Line piers, and armed sentries kept persons on the opposite side of the street from the pier yards."</ref> Federal control of the port and anti-German sentiment led to part of the city being placed under martial law, and many German immigrants were forcibly moved to [[Ellis Island]] or left the city of their own accord.<ref>[http://www.thirteen.org/hoboken/history_post.html History of Hoboken: Post-Industrial] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110605015551/http://www.thirteen.org/hoboken/history_post.html |date=June 5, 2011 }}, [[WNET]]. Accessed April 16, 2012. "Yet when the United States entered World War I on the side of Britain and France, this all changed. The U.S. government seized control of Hoboken's piers and the German ships docked there. Martial law was declared in sections of the city, and many Germans were sent to Ellis Island. Thousands of Germans left Hoboken, and soon the city became known for its large Italian population."</ref> Hoboken became the major point of embarkation and more than three million soldiers, known as "[[doughboy]]s", passed through the city.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.doughboysofnyc.com/Doughboy1.html |title=Doughboys |website=DoughboysOfNYC.com |access-date=October 19, 2017 |archive-date=July 10, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110710145706/http://www.doughboysofnyc.com/Doughboy1.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Their hope for an early return led to [[John J. Pershing|General Pershing]]'s slogan, "Heaven, Hell or Hoboken... by Christmas."<ref>[http://www.hobokenmuseum.org/pressrelease/HHMpr080827WWIExhibit.pdf Heaven, Hell or Hoboken: Exhibit, Lecture Series Bring Hoboken's World War I Experience to Life] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120129072539/http://www.hobokenmuseum.org/pressrelease/HHMpr080827WWIExhibit.pdf |date=January 29, 2012 }}, Hoboken Historical Museum & Cultural Center, August 27, 2008. Accessed November 27, 2011. "The designation meant national fame for Hoboken – General John J. Pershing's promise to the troops that they'd be in 'Heaven, Hell or Hoboken' by Christmas of 1917 became a national rallying cry for a swift end to the war, which actually dragged on for another year."</ref> Following the war, [[Italians]], mostly stemming from the [[Adriatic Sea|Adriatic]] port city of [[Molfetta]], became the city's major ethnic group, with the [[Irish ethnicity|Irish]] also having a strong presence.<ref>Baldwin, Carly. [http://www.nj.com/hobokennow/index.ssf/2009/09/2009_hoboken_italian_festival.html "2009 Hoboken Italian Festival begins tomorrow!"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140802025236/http://www.nj.com/hobokennow/index.ssf/2009/09/2009_hoboken_italian_festival.html |date=August 2, 2014 }}, [[NJ.com]], September 9, 2009. Accessed September 1, 2015. "To bless their local industry, fishermen and sailors of Molfetta would carry the Madonna through the streets of town. Later generations would later emigrate from Molfetta and the surrounding region to Hoboken, where the centuries-old tradition continues."</ref> While the city experienced the [[Great Depression]], jobs in the ships yards and factories were still available, and the tenements were bustling. Middle-European Jews, mostly German-speaking, also made their way to the city and established small businesses. The [[Port Authority of New York and New Jersey]], which was established on April 30, 1921, oversaw the development of the [[Holland Tunnel]] (completed in 1927) and the [[Lincoln Tunnel]] (in 1937), allowing for easier vehicular travel between New Jersey and New York City, bypassing the waterfront.{{citation needed|date=June 2023}} ====Post-World War II==== The war facilitated economic growth in Hoboken, as the many industries located in the city were crucial to the war effort. As men went off to battle, more women were hired in the factories, some (most notably, [[Vigor Shipyards|Todd Shipyards]]), offering classes and other incentives to them. Though some returning service men took advantage of GI housing bills, many with strong ethnic and familial ties chose to stay in town. During the 1950s, the economy was still driven by Todd Shipyards, [[Maxwell House]],<ref>{{cite magazine |title=Talk of the Town: Good to the Last Drop |magazine=[[The New Yorker]] |date=November 20, 1989 |url=http://archives.newyorker.com/?i=1989-11-20#folio=044 |access-date=February 14, 2011 |archive-date=July 14, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110714175126/http://archives.newyorker.com/?i=1989-11-20#folio=044 |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Lipton Tea]], [[Hostess (brand)|Hostess]] and [[Bethlehem Steel]] and companies with big plants were still not inclined to invest in major infrastructure elsewhere.{{citation needed|date=June 2023}} [[File:Yellow Flats 03.jpg|thumb|Hoboken historic district]] In the 1960s, working pay and conditions began to deteriorate: turn-of-the century housing started to look shabby and feel crowded, shipbuilding was cheaper overseas, and single-story plants surrounded by parking lots made manufacturing and distribution more economical than old brick buildings on congested urban streets. The city appeared to be in the throes of inexorable decline as industries sought (what had been) greener pastures, port operations shifted to larger facilities on [[Newark Bay]], and the car, truck and plane displaced the railroad and ship as the transportation modes of choice in the United States. Many Hobokenites headed to the suburbs, often the close by ones in [[Bergen County, New Jersey|Bergen]] and [[Passaic County, New Jersey|Passaic]] Counties, and real-estate values declined. Hoboken sank from its earlier incarnation as a lively port town into a rundown condition and was often included in lists with other New Jersey cities experiencing the same phenomenon, such as [[Paterson, New Jersey|Paterson]], [[Elizabeth, New Jersey|Elizabeth]], [[Camden, New Jersey|Camden]], and neighboring [[Jersey City, New Jersey|Jersey City]].<ref>[[Anthony DePalma (author)|DePalma, Anthony]]. [https://www.nytimes.com/1984/03/18/realestate/in-new-jersey-private-construction-returns-to-hoboken.html "In New Jersey; Private Construction Returns to Hoboken"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200828163342/https://www.nytimes.com/1984/03/18/realestate/in-new-jersey-private-construction-returns-to-hoboken.html |date=August 28, 2020 }}, ''[[The New York Times]]'', March 18, 1984. Accessed November 13, 2019.</ref> The old economic underpinnings were gone and nothing new seemed to be on the horizon. Attempts were made to stabilize the population by demolishing the so-called slums along River Street and build subsidized middle-income housing at Marineview Plaza, and in midtown, at Church Towers. Heaps of long uncollected garbage and roving packs of semi-wild dogs were not uncommon sights.<ref>Martin, Antoinette. [https://www.nytimes.com/2003/08/10/realestate/in-the-region-new-jersey-residences-flower-in-a-once-seedy-hoboken-area.html "In the Region/New Jersey; Residences Flower in a Once-Seedy Hoboken Area"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160701105831/http://www.nytimes.com/2003/08/10/realestate/in-the-region-new-jersey-residences-flower-in-a-once-seedy-hoboken-area.html |date=July 1, 2016 }}, ''[[The New York Times]]'', August 10, 2003. Accessed February 1, 2012. "The area back from the Hudson River, along streets named for presidents -- Adams, Jackson, Jefferson, Madison, Monroe -- was ''sketchy'', Mr. Geibel said, and marked by 'old warehouses, boarded-up windows, raw sewage coming out of pipes and packs of wild dogs running in the streets.'"</ref> Though the city had seen better days, Hoboken was never abandoned. New infusions of immigrants, most notably [[Puerto Rican American|Puerto Ricans]], kept the storefronts open with small businesses and housing stock from being abandoned, but there wasn't much work to be had. Washington Street, commonly called "the avenue", was never boarded up, and the tight-knit neighborhoods remained home to many who were still proud of their city. Stevens remained a premier technology school, Maxwell House kept chugging away, and Bethlehem Steel still housed sailors who were dry-docked on its piers. Italian-Americans and other came back to the "old neighborhood" to shop for delicatessen.{{citation needed|date=November 2019}} [[File:Keuffel and Esser Manufacturing Complex Hoboken November 2021.jpg|thumb|left|The [[Keuffel and Esser Manufacturing Complex]] was converted into residential apartments in 1975.<ref name="Keuffel">[https://web.archive.org/web/20170330234517/https://www.hobokenmuseum.org/exhibitions/main-gallery/past-exhibitions/keuffel-and-esser-2010 Surveying the World; Keuffel & Esser + Hoboken, 1875–1968], Hoboken Historical Museum, backed up by the [[Internet Archive]] as of March 30, 2017. Accessed November 13, 2019.</ref>]] In 1975, the western part of the [[Keuffel and Esser Manufacturing Complex]] (known as "Clock Towers") was converted into residential apartments, after having been an architectural, engineering and drafting facility from 1907 to 1968;<ref name="Keuffel"/> the eastern part portion became residential apartments in 1984 (now called the '' Grand Adams'').<ref name="Keuffel"/> ====Waterfront==== The [[Hudson Waterfront]] defined Hoboken as an archetypal port town and powered its economy from the mid-19th to mid-20th century, by which time it had become essentially industrial (and mostly inaccessible to the general public). The large production plants of Lipton Tea and Maxwell House, and the [[drydock]]s of [[Bethlehem Shipbuilding Corporation]] and [[Todd Shipbuilding]] dominated the northern portion for many years. On June 30, 1900, [[1900 Hoboken Docks Fire|a large fire]] at the [[Norddeutscher Lloyd]] piers killed numerous people and caused almost $10 million in damage.<ref>Beitler, Stu. [https://www.gendisasters.com/new-jersey/2428/hoboken,-nj-dock-fire,-jul-1900 "Hoboken, NJ Dock Fire, Jul 1900"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220407064442/https://www.gendisasters.com/new-jersey/2428/hoboken,-nj-dock-fire,-jul-1900 |date=April 7, 2022 }}, GenDisasters.com. Accessed September 1, 2015.</ref><ref>[http://www.pier3.org/pier3/whathappened.html "A History of the Great Hoboken Pier Fire of 1900."] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110727174721/http://www.pier3.org/pier3/whathappened.html |date=July 27, 2011 }}, Pier 3. Accessed December 29, 2010.</ref> The southern portion (which had been a U.S. base of the [[Hamburg-American Line]]) was seized by the federal government under [[eminent domain]] at the outbreak of [[World War I]], after which it became (with the rest of the Hudson County) a major East Coast cargo-shipping port.{{citation needed|date=June 2023}} [[File:Hoboken December 2022.jpg|thumb|Pier A Park]] With the development of the [[Interstate Highway System]] and [[containerization]] shipping facilities (particularly at [[Port Newark-Elizabeth Marine Terminal]]), the docks became obsolete, and by the 1970s were more or less abandoned.<ref name="Hoboken Museum"/> A large swath of River Street, known as the [[Barbary Coast]] for its taverns and boarding houses (which had been home for many dockworkers, sailors, merchant mariners, and other seamen) was leveled as part of an [[urban renewal]] project. Though control of the confiscated area had been returned to the city in the 1950s, complex lease agreements with the [[Port Authority]] gave it little influence on its management. In the 1980s, the waterfront dominated Hoboken politics, with various civic groups and the city government engaging in sometimes nasty, sometimes absurd politics and court cases. By the 1990s, agreements were made with the [[Port Authority of New York and New Jersey]], various levels of government, Hoboken citizens, and private developers to build commercial and residential buildings and "open spaces" (mostly along the bulkhead and on the foundation of un-utilized [[Landmarks of Hoboken, New Jersey|Pier A]]).<ref>[http://www.panynj.gov/real-estate-development/south-waterfront-hoboken.html The South Waterfront at Hoboken ] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100729222044/http://www.panynj.gov/real-estate-development/south-waterfront-hoboken.html |date=July 29, 2010 }}, [[Port Authority of New York and New Jersey]]. Accessed September 1, 2015.</ref> The northern portion, which had remained in private hands, has also been re-developed. While most of the dry-dock and production facilities<ref>Brenzel, Kathryn. [http://www.nj.com/hudson/index.ssf/2014/01/super_bowl_sculpture_arrives_at_hoboken_waterfront_as_game_day_nears.html "Super Bowl 2014 sculpture arrives at Hoboken waterfront as game day nears"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140331072136/http://www.nj.com/hudson/index.ssf/2014/01/super_bowl_sculpture_arrives_at_hoboken_waterfront_as_game_day_nears.html |date=March 31, 2014 }}, [[NJ.com]], January 27, 2014. Accessed September 1, 2015.</ref><ref>[http://betterwaterfront.org/ny-waterway-looks-to-nj-transit-to-purchase-union-dry-dock-for-ferry-maintenance-fueling-station-and-bus-parking/ "Ferry repair, fueling station and bus parking for Union Dry Dock site?"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140331082258/http://betterwaterfront.org/ny-waterway-looks-to-nj-transit-to-purchase-union-dry-dock-for-ferry-maintenance-fueling-station-and-bus-parking/ |date=March 31, 2014 }}, Fund for a Better Waterfront. Accessed March 31, 2014.</ref> were razed to make way for mid-rise apartment houses, many sold as investment condominiums, some buildings were renovated for adaptive re-use (notably the Tea Building, formerly home to Lipton Tea,<ref>Pace, Gina. [http://www.nydailynews.com/life-style/real-estate/maxwell-place-developments-hoboken-waterfront-good-drop-article-1.1428166 "No paying through the roof for cabanas at 1100 Maxwell Place, the newest Toll Brothers City Living development on Hoboken's waterfront"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140331083915/http://www.nydailynews.com/life-style/real-estate/maxwell-place-developments-hoboken-waterfront-good-drop-article-1.1428166 |date=March 31, 2014 }}, ''[[New York Daily News|Daily News]]'', August 16, 2013. Accessed September 1, 2015.</ref> and the Machine Shop, home of the Hoboken Historic Museum).<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20141008121506/https://www.hobokenmuseum.org/self-guided-walking-tours/points-of-interest Points of Interest], Hoboken Historical Museum, backed up by the [[Internet Archive]] as of October 8, 2014. Accessed November 13, 2019. "The Machine Shop was in use around-the-clock, employing as many as 11,000 workers. The shop closed in 1984. The building was recently incorporated into the Shipyard development and now houses luxury apartments, retail shops, and the Hoboken Historical Museum."</ref> Zoning requires that new construction follow the street grid and limits the height of new construction to retain the architectural character of the city and open sight-lines to the river. Downtown, [[Frank Sinatra Park]] and [[Sinatra Drive]] honor the man most consider to be Hoboken's most famous son, while uptown the name Maxwell recalls the factory with its smell of roasting coffee wafting over town and its huge neon "Good to the Last Drop" sign, so long a part of the landscape. The midtown section is dominated by the [[serpentine rock]] outcropping atop of which sits Stevens Institute of Technology (which also owns some, as yet, undeveloped land on the river). At the foot of the cliff is [[Sybil's Cave]] (where 19th century day-trippers once came to "take the waters" from a natural spring), long sealed shut, though plans for its restoration are in place. The promenade along the river bank is part of the [[Hudson River Waterfront Walkway]], a state-mandated master plan to connect the municipalities from the [[Bayonne Bridge]] to [[George Washington Bridge]] and provide contiguous unhindered access to the water's edge and to create an urban linear park offering expansive views of the Hudson with the spectacular backdrop of the New York skyline. As of 2017, the city was considering using [[eminent domain]] to take over the last operating maritime industry in the city, the Union Dry Dock.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20171005202813/http://hobokennj.gov/2017/09/mayor-zimmer-seeks-to-acquire-union-dry-dock-property-for-waterfront-park/ "Mayor Zimmer Seeks to Acquire Union Dry Dock Property for Waterfront Park"], City of Hoboken, September 28, 2017, backed up by the [[Internet Archive]] as of October 5, 2017. Accessed November 13, 2019. "Based on discussions and written communications with Union Dry Dock, Mayor Dawn Zimmer has determined that it is important to expeditiously move ahead with the tools necessary to acquire the Union Dry Dock property for open space.... As a result, the City Council will be asked to authorize the use of eminent domain for the acquisition of Union Dry Dock at next week's City Council meeting. The authorization simply provides the City with the tools necessary to facilitate negotiations and does not mean that eminent domain will be implemented."</ref><ref>Strunsky, Steve. [https://www.nj.com/hudson/2017/10/hoboken_council_moves_to_seize_union_dry_dock_prop.html "Hoboken a step closer to seizing waterfront property using eminent domain"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200801193200/https://www.nj.com/hudson/2017/10/hoboken_council_moves_to_seize_union_dry_dock_prop.html |date=August 1, 2020 }}, NJ Advance Media for [[NJ.com]], October 5, 2017, updated January 16, 2019. Accessed November 13, 2019. "The City Council moved forward Wednesday with plans to seize through eminent domain a waterfront property occupied by Hoboken's last working shipyard, Union Dry Dock.... Mayor Dawn Zimmer, who is not seeking re-election, has tried unsuccessfully to negotiate the purchase of the Union Dry Dock property on Sinatra Drive for use as a park and the final stretch of the city's Hudson River waterfront walkway."</ref> [[File:Manhattan Skyline from Hoboken 010 (cropped).jpg|thumb|1000px|center|{{center|Panorama of [[Manhattan]] from Hoboken, December 2022}}]] ====1970s–present==== During the late 1970s and 1980s, the city witnessed a speculation spree, fueled by transplanted New Yorkers and others who bought many turn-of-the-20th-century brownstones in neighborhoods that the still solid middle and working class population had kept intact and by local and out-of-town real-estate investors who bought up late 19th century apartment houses often considered to be tenements. Hoboken experienced a wave of fires, some of which were arson.<ref>[http://www.hobokenfire.org/historyx.htm History] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110726152231/http://www.hobokenfire.org/historyx.htm |date=July 26, 2011 }}, Hoboken Fire Department. Accessed September 1, 2015.</ref><ref name=Recalling>Good, Philip. [https://www.nytimes.com/1991/10/27/nyregion/recalling-the-glory-days-of-the-hudson-dispatch.html "Recalling the Glory Days of The Hudson Dispatch"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160819031518/http://www.nytimes.com/1991/10/27/nyregion/recalling-the-glory-days-of-the-hudson-dispatch.html |date=August 19, 2016 }}, ''[[The New York Times]]'', October 27, 1991. Accessed February 1, 2012.</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Gottlieb |first=Dylan |date=2019-09-01 |title=Hoboken Is Burning: Yuppies, Arson, and Displacement in the Postindustrial City |journal=Journal of American History |language=en |volume=106 |issue=2 |pages=390–416 |doi=10.1093/jahist/jaz346 |issn=0021-8723}}</ref> Applied Housing, a real-estate investment firm, used federal government incentives to renovate "sub-standard" housing and receive subsidized rental payments (commonly known as [[Section 8 (housing)|Section 8]]), which enabled some low-income, displaced, and disabled residents to move within town. Hoboken attracted artists, musicians, upwardly mobile commuters, and "bohemian types" interested in the socioeconomic possibilities and challenges of a bankrupt New York and who valued the aesthetics of Hoboken's residential, civic and commercial architecture, its sense of community, and relatively (compared to Lower Manhattan) less expensive rents, all a quick, train hop away. These trends in development resembled similar growth and change patterns in [[Brooklyn]] and downtown [[Jersey City, New Jersey|Jersey City]] and Manhattan's [[East Village, Manhattan|East Village]]—and to a lesser degree, [[SoHo]] and [[TriBeCa]]—which previously had not been residential. Empty lots were built on, tenements were transformed into luxury condominiums. Hoboken felt the impact of the destruction of the [[World Trade Center (1973–2001)|World Trade Center]] intensely, many of its newer residents having worked there. Re-zoning encouraged new construction on former industrial sites on the waterfront and the traditionally more impoverished low-lying west side of the city where, in concert with Hudson-Bergen Light Rail and New Jersey State land-use policy, [[transit village]]s are now being promoted.<ref>[http://njtod.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/09/Land-Development-at-HBLR-Station.pdf ''Land Development at Selected Hudson-Bergen Light Rail Stations''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171107021036/http://njtod.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/09/Land-Development-at-HBLR-Station.pdf |date=November 7, 2017 }}, NJTOD. Accessed November 5, 2017.</ref> Once a [[blue collar]] town characterized by live poultry shops and drab taverns, it has since been transformed into a town filled with gourmet shops and luxury condominiums.<ref name=Recalling/> In October 2012, [[Hurricane Sandy]] caused widespread flooding in Hoboken, leaving 1,700 homes flooded and causing $100 million in damage after the storm "filled up Hoboken like a bathtub",<ref>Breed, Allen G.; and Hays, Tom. [http://bigstory.ap.org/article/superstorm-sandy-takes-aim-atlantic-coast-0 "Superstorm Sandy Slams into New Jersey Coast"] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121030211337/http://bigstory.ap.org/article/superstorm-sandy-takes-aim-atlantic-coast-0 |date=October 30, 2012 }}, [[Associated Press]], October 30, 2012. Accessed September 1, 2015.</ref> leaving the city without electricity for days, and requiring the summoning of the [[National Guard (United States)|National Guard]].<ref name=NYTimes11.3.23>{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/11/03/headway/hoboken-floods.html|title=A Climate Change Success Story? Look at Hoboken.|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]|author=Kimmelman, Michael|language=en-US|url-status=live|date=November 3, 2023|access-date=November 8, 2023|archive-date=November 8, 2023|archive-url=https://archive.today/20231108171236/https://www.nytimes.com/2023/11/03/headway/hoboken-floods.html}}</ref> Workers in Hoboken had the highest rate of public transportation use in the nation, with 56% commuting daily via mass transit.<ref>Rivera, Ray. [https://www.nytimes.com/2012/12/17/nyregion/hoboken-faces-continuing-toll-from-hurricane-sandy.html "Its Restaurants Empty and Its Trains Stalled, Hoboken Encounters Storm's Increasing Toll"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200113084409/https://www.nytimes.com/2012/12/17/nyregion/hoboken-faces-continuing-toll-from-hurricane-sandy.html |date=January 13, 2020 }}, ''[[The New York Times]]', December 16, 2012. Accessed August 19, 2020. "According to census surveys, an estimated 56 percent workers here use public transportation every day, surpassing New York City as the most transit-reliant community in the nation."</ref> Hurricane Sandy caused seawater to flood half the city, crippling the PATH station at Hoboken Terminal when more than 10 million gallons of water dumped into the system. In December 2013 Mayor Dawn Zimmer testified before a U.S. Senate Committee on the impact the storm had on Hoboken's businesses and residents,<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20130106105047/http://www.hobokennj.org/2012/12/mayor-zimmer-testifies-at-us-senate-committee-about-sandys-impact-on-hoboken/ "Mayor Zimmer Testifies at US Senate Committee About Sandy's Impact on Hoboken"], City of Hoboken, December 13, 2012, backed up by the [[Internet Archive]] as of January 6, 2013. Accessed November 13, 2019.</ref><ref>[http://vimeo.com/55582761 "Mayor Zimmer testifies before Senate on Sandy's impact on Hoboken"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131221184154/http://vimeo.com/55582761 |date=December 21, 2013 }}, [[Vimeo]], December 13, 2012. Accessed June 2, 2016.</ref> and in January 2014 she stated that Lieutenant Governor Kim Guadagno and Richard Constable, a member of governor [[Chris Christie]]'s cabinet, deliberately held back Hurricane Sandy relief funds from the city in order to pressure her to approve a Christie ally's developmental project,<ref>[[Steve Kornacki|Kornacki, Steve]]. [http://www.msnbc.com/up-with-steve-kornacki "Governor Chris Christie responds"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140121013903/http://www.msnbc.com/up-with-steve-kornacki |date=January 21, 2014 }}, ''[[Up (TV series)|Up]]'', [[MSNBC]], January 19, 2014.</ref><ref>Giambusso, David; and Baxter, Chris. [http://www.nj.com/politics/index.ssf/2014/01/zimmer_christie_hoboken_scandal_allegations.html "Hoboken Mayor Dawn Zimmer alleges Chris Christie's office withheld Sandy aid over development deal"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140122002724/http://www.nj.com/politics/index.ssf/2014/01/zimmer_christie_hoboken_scandal_allegations.html |date=January 22, 2014 }}, NJ Advance Media for [[NJ.com]], January 18, 2014. Accessed November 12, 2015.</ref> a charge that the Christie administration denied.<ref>Giambusso, David. [http://www.nj.com/politics/index.ssf/2014/01/dca_official_accuses_zimmer_of_lying_about_sandy_allegations.html "Hoboken Mayor Dawn Zimmer's Sandy allegations 'categorically false,' DCA official says"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140120233509/http://www.nj.com/politics/index.ssf/2014/01/dca_official_accuses_zimmer_of_lying_about_sandy_allegations.html |date=January 20, 2014 }}, NJ Advance Media for [[NJ.com]], January 18, 2014. Accessed November 12, 2015.</ref><ref>Giambusso, David. [http://www.nj.com/politics/index.ssf/2014/01/hoboken_mayor_dawn_zimmer_stands_by_allegations_against_christie.html "Hoboken Mayor Dawn Zimmer stands by her allegations against Christie"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140121234154/http://www.nj.com/politics/index.ssf/2014/01/hoboken_mayor_dawn_zimmer_stands_by_allegations_against_christie.html |date=January 21, 2014 }}, ''[[The Star-Ledger]]'', January 18, 2014. Accessed September 1, 2015.</ref><ref>Stirling, Stephen. [http://www.nj.com/politics/index.ssf/2014/01/hoboken_mayor_dawn_zimmer_once_a_christie_ally_now_becomes_a_foe.html "Hoboken Mayor Dawn Zimmer now becomes Chris Christie's foe"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140121004912/http://www.nj.com/politics/index.ssf/2014/01/hoboken_mayor_dawn_zimmer_once_a_christie_ally_now_becomes_a_foe.html |date=January 21, 2014 }}, [[NJ.com]], January 18, 2014.</ref> In June 2014, the [[United States Department of Housing and Urban Development]] allocated $230 million to Hoboken as part of its Rebuild by Design initiative, adding levees, parks, green roofs, [[retention basin]]s and other infrastructure to help the low-lying riverfront city protect itself from ordinary flooding and build a network of features to help Hoboken [[future-proof]] itself against subsequent storms.<ref>Jaffe, Eric. [https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2014/12/the-water-next-time/382242/ "The Water Next Time; How nature itself could become a city's best defense against extreme weather"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171224120141/https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2014/12/the-water-next-time/382242/ |date=December 24, 2017 }}, ''[[The Atlantic]]'', December 2014. Accessed November 4, 2015. "During Sandy's storm surge, in October 2012, river water breached the town's northern and southern tips and spilled into its low areas. On the west side of the city, still more water tumbled down the Palisades, the steep cliffs that run along the Hudson River.... Sandy flooded more than 1,700 Hoboken homes, knocked out the city's power grid, and halted trains into New York; in total, the storm caused more than $100 million in damages.... Together, these parts should be capable of withstanding a once-in-500-years storm."</ref> The project included expanding the city's sewer capacity, incorporating [[cisterns]] and basins into parks and playgrounds, redesigning streets to minimize traffic accidents, and collect and redirect waster. By September 2023, the improvements were so successful that when a storm hit the area that month, depositing 3.5 inches on the city, including 1.44 inches during the hour coinciding with high tide, only a few inches of standing water remains at three of the city's 277 intersections by the evening, resulting in only three towed cars, and no cancelation of any city events. In an article that November for ''[[The New York Times]]'', Michael Kimmelman compared this to the storm's effects in New York City, whose government focused on [[flood wall]]s and [[Breakwater (structure)|breakwater]]s, but not rainwater, resulting in several subway lines being submerged in water, and thigh-high water levels in Brooklyn streets. For this, the article hailed Hoboken as a "climate change success story."<ref name=NYTimes11.3.23/>
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