Editing Hmong people (section)

===China===
[[File:Hmong diaspora.png|thumb|The historical migration of the Hmong according to Hmong tradition]]
Hmong traditions and legends indicate that they originated near the [[Yellow River]] region of northern [[China]], but this is not substantiated by any scientific evidence.<ref>Bomar, Julie. "Hmong History and Culture." Kinship networks among Hmong-American refugees. New York: LFB Scholarly Pub., 2004. 33–39. Print.</ref> According to linguist [[Martha Ratliff]], there is linguistic evidence to suggest that they have occupied some of the same areas of southern China for over 8,000&nbsp;years.<ref name="auto"/> Evidence from [[mitochondrial DNA]] in [[Hmong–Mien languages|Hmong–Mien]]–speaking populations supports the southern origins of maternal lineages even farther back in time, although it has been shown that Hmong-speaking populations had comparatively more contact with northern East Asians than the Mien.<ref name="auto1"/><ref name=":3" /><ref>{{cite journal |last1=He |first1=Guanglin |last2=Wang |first2=Peixin |last3=Chen |first3=Jing |last4=Liu |first4=Yan |last5=Sun |first5=Yuntao |last6=Hu |first6=Rong |last7=Duan |first7=Shuhan |last8=Sun |first8=Qiuxia |last9=Tang |first9=Renkuan |last10=Yang |first10=Junbao |last11=Wang |first11=Zhiyong |last12=Yun |first12=Libing |last13=Hu |first13=Liping |last14=Yan |first14=Jiangwei |last15=Nie |first15=Shengjie |last16=Wei |first16=Lanhai |last17=Liu |first17=Chao |last18=Wang |first18=Mengge |title=Differentiated genomic footprints suggest isolation and long-distance migration of Hmong-Mien populations |journal=BMC Biology |date=25 January 2024 |volume=22 |issue=1 |page=18 |doi=10.1186/s12915-024-01828-x |doi-access=free |pmid=38273256 |pmc=10809681 }}</ref> A rare haplogroup, O3d, was found at the [[Daxi culture]] in the middle reaches of the [[Yangtze|Yangtze River]], indicating that the Daxi people might be the ancestors of modern Hmong–Mien populations, which show only small traces of O3d today.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Li |first1=Hui |last2=Huang |first2=Ying |last3=Mustavich |first3=Laura F. |last4=Zhang |first4=Fan |last5=Tan |first5=Jing-Ze |last6=Wang |first6=Ling-E |last7=Qian |first7=Ji |last8=Gao |first8=Meng-He |last9=Jin |first9=Li |title=Y chromosomes of prehistoric people along the Yangtze River |journal=Human Genetics |date=November 2007 |volume=122 |issue=3–4 |pages=383–388 |doi=10.1007/s00439-007-0407-2 |pmid=17657509 |doi-access=free }}</ref>

In 2011, Hmong DNA was sampled and found to contain 7.84% [[Haplogroup D-M15|D-M15]] and 6%N(Tat) DNA.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Cai |first1=Xiaoyun |last2=Qin |first2=Zhendong |last3=Wen |first3=Bo |last4=Xu |first4=Shuhua |last5=Wang |first5=Yi |last6=Lu |first6=Yan |last7=Wei |first7=Lanhai |last8=Wang |first8=Chuanchao |last9=Li |first9=Shilin |last10=Huang |first10=Xingqiu |last11=Jin |first11=Li |last12=Li |first12=Hui |last13=Consortium |first13=the Genographic |date=31 August 2011 |title=Human Migration through Bottlenecks from Southeast Asia into East Asia during Last Glacial Maximum Revealed by Y Chromosomes |journal=PLOS ONE |volume=6 |issue=8 |pages=e24282 |bibcode=2011PLoSO...624282C |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0024282 |pmc=3164178 |pmid=21904623 |doi-access=free}}</ref> The research found a common ancestry between Hmong–Mien peoples and [[Austroasiatic languages|Mon-Khmer]] groups dating to the [[Last Glacial Maximum]], approximately 15,000 to 18,000&nbsp;years ago.

In 2021, researchers found that a 500 year old 'GaoHuaHua' population in Guangxi contributed to the ancestries of modern Hmong-Mien groups in Guangxi. The 'GaoHuaHua' population was modeled as having 66% Dushan-related ancestry and 34% Bushan-related ancestry. They also received Northeast Asian-related Shandong ancestry, which emerged 9,500–7,700 years ago.<ref name=":3">{{cite journal |last1=Wang |first1=Tianyi |last2=Wang |first2=Wei |last3=Xie |first3=Guangmao |last4=Li |first4=Zhen |last5=Fan |first5=Xuechun |last6=Yang |first6=Qingping |last7=Wu |first7=Xichao |last8=Cao |first8=Peng |last9=Liu |first9=Yichen |last10=Yang |first10=Ruowei |last11=Liu |first11=Feng |last12=Dai |first12=Qingyan |last13=Feng |first13=Xiaotian |last14=Wu |first14=Xiaohong |last15=Qin |first15=Ling |last16=Li |first16=Fajun |last17=Ping |first17=Wanjing |last18=Zhang |first18=Lizhao |last19=Zhang |first19=Ming |last20=Liu |first20=Yalin |last21=Chen |first21=Xiaoshan |last22=Zhang |first22=Dongju |last23=Zhou |first23=Zhenyu |last24=Wu |first24=Yun |last25=Shafiey |first25=Hassan |last26=Gao |first26=Xing |last27=Curnoe |first27=Darren |last28=Mao |first28=Xiaowei |last29=Bennett |first29=E. Andrew |last30=Ji |first30=Xueping |last31=Yang |first31=Melinda A. |last32=Fu |first32=Qiaomei |title=Human population history at the crossroads of East and Southeast Asia since 11,000 years ago |journal=Cell |date=July 2021 |volume=184 |issue=14 |pages=3829–3841.e21 |doi=10.1016/j.cell.2021.05.018 |pmid=34171307 }}</ref>

The author of [[Guoyu (book)|''Guoyu'']], written in the 4th to 5th century, considered Chi You's Jiu Li tribe to be related to the ancient ancestors of the Hmong, the San-Miao people.<ref name="國語•楚語下">{{cite web|url=https://ctext.org/guo-yu/chu-yu-xia|title=國語•楚語下|access-date=23 April 2018}}</ref> [[Chi You]] is the Hmong ancestral God of War. Today, a statue of Chi You has been erected in the town named [[Zhuolu Town|Zhuolu]].<ref name="indig">De la Cadena, Marisol. Starn, Orin. Wenner-Gren Foundation for Anthropological Research. [2007] (2007). Indigenous experience today. Berg Publishers, 2007. {{ISBN|978-1-84520-519-5}}. p. 239.</ref>

[[File:The Victorious Battle at Lancaoping.jpg|thumb|A scene depicting the [[Qing dynasty]]'s campaign against the Hmong people at Lancaoping in 1795]]

Conflict between the Hmong of southern China and newly arrived Han settlers increased during the 18th century under repressive economic and cultural reforms imposed by the [[Qing dynasty]]. This led to [[Miao Rebellions|armed conflict]] and large-scale migrations well into the late 19th century, the period during which many Hmong people emigrated to Southeast Asia. However, the migration process had begun as early as the late 17th century, before the time of major social unrest, when small groups went in search of better agricultural opportunities.<ref>Culas and Michaud, 68–74.</ref>

The Hmong people were subjected to persecution and genocide by the [[Qing dynasty]] government. Arthur A. Hansen wrote: "In the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, while the Hmong lived in south-western China, their [[Manchu people|Manchu]] overlords had labeled them '[[Miao people|Miao]]' and targeted them for [[genocide]]."<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=-MUfXFVMik0C&pg=PA225 Rogers, 2004] p. 225.</ref>{{better source needed|date=July 2024}}<!--The author is an expert in Japanese Americans during WW2, not an issue very closely related to the treatment of the Hmong by the Qing Dynasty.-->

Since 1949, the [[Miao people]] ({{lang-zh|c=苗族|p=miáo zú}}) has been an official term for one of the [[list of ethnic groups in China|56 official minority groups]] recognized by the government of the [[China|People's Republic of China]]. The Miao live mainly in southern China, in the provinces of [[Guizhou]], [[Hunan]], [[Yunnan]], [[Sichuan]], [[Guangxi]], [[Hainan]], [[Guangdong]], and [[Hubei]]. According to the 2000 census, the number of 'Miao' in China was estimated to be about 9.6&nbsp;million. The Miao nationality includes Hmong people as well as other culturally and linguistically related ethnic groups who do not call themselves Hmong. These include the [[Hmu language|Hmu]], Kho (Qho) Xiong, and [[A-Hmao]]. The settling region of the Hmong in China is further western than that of the other groups, mainly in Guizhou, Yunnan, Sichuan, Chongqing, and Guangxi.

{{wide image|1 xijiang panorama.jpg|600px|Xijiang, a Hmong-majority township in Guizhou, China}}