Editing History of anatomy (section)

===Abū Bakr al-Rāzī===
'''Abū Bakr al-Rāzī''' (full name: {{langx|ar|أبو بکر محمد بن زکریاء الرازي|translit=Abū Bakr Muḥammad ibn Zakariyyāʾ al-Rāzī|label=none}}),{{efn|For the spelling of his [[Arabic]] name, see for example {{harvnb|Kraus|1939}}. Sometimes it is also spelled {{langx|ar|زکریا|label=none}} ({{transliteration|ar|Zakariyyā}}) rather than {{langx|ar|زکریاء|label=none}} ({{transliteration|ar|Zakariyyāʾ}}), as for example in {{harvnb|Dānish-pazhūh|1964|loc=p. 1 of the edition}}, or in {{harvnb|Mohaghegh|1993|p=5}}. In modern [[Persian language|Persian]] his name is rendered as {{langx|fa|ابوبکر محمدبن زکریا رازی|label=none}} (see {{harvnb|Dānish-pazhūh|1964|loc=p. 1 of the introduction}}), though instead of {{langx|fa|زکریا|label=none}} one may also find {{langx|fa|زکریای|label=none}} (see {{harvnb|Mohaghegh|1993|p=18}}).}} {{circa|864 or 865–925 or 935 CE}},{{efn|For his date of birth, {{harvnb|Kraus|Pines|1913–1936}} give 864 CE / 250 AH ({{harvnb|Goodman|1960–2007}} gives 854 CE / 250 AH, but this is a typo), while {{harvnb|Richter-Bernburg|2003}} and {{harvnb|Adamson|2021a}} give 865 CE / 251 AH. For his date of death as 925 or 935 CE / 313 or 323 AH, see Goodman 1960–2007; some sources only give 925 CE / 313 AH ({{harvnb|Walker|1998}}; Richter-Bernburg 2003; {{harvnb|Adamson|2021a}}).}} often known as '''(al-)Razi''' or by his [[Latinization (literature)|Latin]] name '''Rhazes''', also rendered '''Rhasis''', was a Persian [[Medicine in the medieval Islamic world|physician]], [[Islamic philosophy|philosopher]] and [[Alchemy and chemistry in medieval Islam|alchemist]] who lived during the [[Islamic Golden Age]]. He is widely regarded as one of the most important figures in the history of medicine,<ref>{{harvnb|Walker|1998}}; {{harvnb|Iskandar|2008}}; {{harvnb|Adamson|2021a}}.</ref> and also wrote on [[logic]], [[astronomy]] and [[grammar]].<ref>Majid  Fakhry, ''A  History  of  Islamic  Philosophy: Third  Edition'', Columbia University Press (2004), p. 98.</ref> In his book ''Doubts about Galen'',<ref>Edited and translated into French by {{harvnb|Koetschet|2019}}. An older edition is {{harvnb|Mohaghegh|1993}}.</ref> al-Razi rejects several claims made by the Greek physician, as far as the alleged superiority of the [[Greek language]] and many of his [[cosmology|cosmological]] and medical views. 

;''Book for al-Mansur ({{lang|ar|Kitāb al-Manṣūrī}})''
Al-Razi dedicated this work to his patron [[Abu Salih Mansur|Abū Ṣāliḥ al-Manṣūr]], the [[Samanid]] governor of Ray.<ref>{{harvnb|Adamson|2021b|p=17}}.</ref> It was translated into Latin by [[Gerard of Cremona]] around 1180.<ref>{{cite web |title=Rāzī, Liber Almansoris (Cambridge, University Library, MS Add. 9213) |url=https://cudl.lib.cam.ac.uk/view/MS-ADD-09213/1 |website=Cambridge Digital Library |access-date=22 November 2023}}</ref> A Latin translation of it was edited in the 16th century by the Dutch anatomist and physician [[Andreas Vesalius]].<ref name="auto">{{harvnb|Adamson|2021a}}.</ref>

The anatomy part in Kitab Al-Ma'nsuri has 26 sections, being divided into sections about structures, such as bones, nerves, muscles, veins, and arteries, and organs such as the eyes, nose, heart, and intestines. He followed Galen in many of his anatomical descriptions, but also opposed—and improved—Galen's descriptions in many others. For example, he was the first to describe the recurrent laryngeal nerve as a mixed sensory and motor nerve, precisely described the circle of Willis, and distinguished nerves from tendons. He opposed Galen's concept that the brain, spinal cord, and ventricles comprise a single structure. He also corrected Galen by arguing that the stomach has three (not two) layers and the coccyx includes three (not five) bones (three—or four—is the number commonly given in current textbooks), and the correct relationship between the ureters and the urinary bladder. These examples of more accurate descriptions by Al-Razi could be a result of detailed observation of surgeries or, perhaps more likely, of human dissections, taking into account their level of detail and also the fact that he publicly stressed the importance of dissections in the medical field.<ref>Alghamdi MA, Ziermann JM, Diogo R. An untold story: The important contributions of Muslim scholars for the understanding of human anatomy. The Anatomical Record. 2017 Jun;300(6):986-1008.</ref>