Editing History of Togo (section)

==Eyadéma's rule==
{{Infobox country
| conventional_long_name = Togolese Republic
| common_name            = Togo
| image_flag             = Flag of Togo.svg
| image_coat             = Armoiries du Togo.svg
| symbol_type            = Coat of arms
| national_anthem        = "[[Salut à toi, pays de nos aïeux#Rally of the Togolese People-era national anthem|L'unité nationale]]"
| image_map              = Togo - Location Map (2013) - TGO - UNOCHA.svg
| capital                = [[Lomé]]
| government_type        = [[Military dictatorship]]<br>(1967–1979)<hr>[[One-party state]]<br>(1979–1992)<hr>[[Dominant-party system|Dominant-party]] [[republic]]<br>(1992–2005)
| leader1                = [[Kléber Dadjo]] (acting)
| year_leader2           = 1967–2005
| leader2                = [[Gnassingbé Eyadéma]]
| year_leader1           = 1967
| title_leader           = [[List of presidents of Togo|President]]
| title_representative   = [[List of prime ministers of Togo|Prime Minister]]
| year_representative1   = 1991–1994
| representative1        = [[Joseph Kokou Koffigoh]]
| year_representative2   = 1994–1996
| representative2        = [[Edem Kodjo]]
| year_representative3   = 1996–1999
| representative3        = [[Kwassi Klutse]]
| year_representative4   = 1999–2000
| representative4        = [[Eugène Koffi Adoboli]]
| year_representative5   = 2000–2002
| representative5        = [[Agbéyomé Kodjo]]
| year_representative6   = 2000–2002
| representative7        = [[Koffi Sama]]
| year_representative7   = 2002–2005
| legislature            = [[National Assembly (Togo)|National Assembly]]
| event_pre              = [[1967 Togolese coup d'état|1967 coup d'état]]
| date_pre               = 13 January 1967
| event_start            = [[Gnassingbé Eyadéma|Eyadéma]] became president
| date_start             = 14 April
| year_start             = 1967
| event1                 = [[1979 Togolese general election|1979 general election]]
| date_event1            = 30 December 1979
| event2                 = [[1979 Togolese constitutional referendum|1979 constitutional referendum]]
| date_event2            = 30 December 1979
| event3                 = [[1992 Togolese constitutional referendum|Constitutional change]]
| date_event3            = 27 September 1992
| event_end              = [[Gnassingbé Eyadéma#Death|Eyadéma's death]]
| date_end               = 5 February
| p1                     = First Tongolese Republic
| s1                     = Togolese Republic
| flag_p1                = Flag of Togo.svg
| status                 = Second Tongolese Republic (1967–1979)<br/>Third Tongolese Republic (1979–2005)
| year_end               = 2005
| currency               = [[West African CFA franc]]
| flag_s1                = Flag of Togo.svg
| today                  = [[Togo]]
}}

===The second republic and third republic===
<!-- Image with inadequate rationale removed: [[Image:Gnassingbe Eyadema.jpg|frame|right|Gnassingbé Eyadéma]] -->
In late 1979, Eyadéma declared a third republic and a transition to greater civilian rule with a mixed civilian and military cabinet. He garnered 99.97% of the vote in uncontested presidential elections held in late 1979 and early 1980. A new constitution also provided for a national assembly to serve primarily as a consultative body. Eyadéma was reelected to a third consecutive 7-year term in December 1986 with 99.5% of the vote in an uncontested election. On 23 September 1986, a group of some 70 armed Togolese dissidents crossed into Lomé from Ghana in an unsuccessful attempt to overthrow the Eyadéma government.

===Opposition===
In 1989 and 1990, Togo, like many other countries, was affected by the winds of democratic change sweeping Eastern Europe and the Soviet Union. On 5 October 1990, the trial of students who handed out antigovernment tracts sparked riots in Lomé. Anti-government demonstrations and violent clashes with the security forces marked the months that followed. In April 1991, the government began negotiations with newly formed opposition groups and agreed to a general amnesty that permitted exiled political opponents to return to Togo. After a general strike and further demonstrations, the government and opposition signed an agreement to hold a "national forum" on 12 June 1991.

The national forum, dominated by opponents of President Eyadéma, opened in July 1991 and immediately declared itself to be a sovereign "National Conference." Although subjected to severe harassment from the government, the conference drafted an interim constitution calling for a 1-year transitional regime tasked with organizing free elections for a new government. The conference selected [[Joseph Kokou Koffigoh]], a lawyer and human rights group head, as transitional prime minister but kept President Eyadéma as chief of state for the transition, although with limited powers.

A test of wills between the president and his opponents followed over the next 3 years during which President Eyadéma gradually gained the upper hand. Frequent political paralysis and intermittent violence marked this period. Following a vote by the transitional legislature (High Council of the Republic) to dissolve the President's political party—the RPT—in November 1991, the army attacked the prime minister's office on 3 December and captured the prime minister. Koffigoh then formed a second transition government in January 1992 with substantial participation by ministers from the President's party. Opposition leader [[Gilchrist Olympio]], son of the slain president Sylvanus Olympio, was ambushed and seriously wounded apparently by soldiers on 5 May 1992.

In July and August 1992, a commission composed of presidential and opposition representatives negotiated a new political agreement. On 27 September, the public overwhelmingly approved the text of a new, democratic constitution, formally initiating Togo's fourth republic.

===Powerless legislature and political violence===
The democratic process was set back in October 1991, when elements of the army held the interim legislature hostage for 24 hours. This effectively put an end to the interim legislature. In retaliation, on 16 November, opposition political parties and labor unions declared a general strike intended to force President Eyadéma to agree to satisfactory conditions for elections. The general strike largely shut down Lomé for months and resulted in severe damage to the economy.

In January 1993, President Eyadéma declared the transition at an end and reappointed Koffigoh as prime minister under Eyadéma's authority. This set off public demonstrations, and, on 25 January, members of the security forces fired on peaceful demonstrators, killing at least 19. In the ensuing days, several security force members were waylaid and injured or killed by civilian oppositionists. On 30 January 1993, elements of the military went on an 8-hour rampage throughout Lomé, firing indiscriminately and killing at least 12 people. This incident provoked more than 300,000 Togolese to flee Lomé for Benin, Ghana, or the interior of Togo. Although most had returned by early 1996, some still remain abroad.

On 25 March 1993, armed Togolese dissident commandos based in Ghana attacked Lomé's main military camp and tried unsuccessfully to kill President Eyadéma. They inflicted significant casualties, however, which set off lethal reprisals by the military against soldiers thought to be associated with the attackers.

===Negotiating with the opposition===
Under substantial domestic and foreign pressure and the burden of the general strike, the presidential faction entered negotiations with the opposition in early 1993. Four rounds of talks led to the 11 July [[Ouagadougou agreement]] setting forth conditions for upcoming presidential and legislative elections and ending the general strike as of 3 August 1993. The presidential elections were set for 25 August, but hasty and inadequate technical preparations, concerns about fraud, and the lack of effective campaign organization by the opposition led the chief opposition candidates—former minister and [[Organization of African Unity]] Secretary General [[Edem Kodjo]] and lawyer [[Yawovi Agboyibo]]—to drop out of the race before election day and to call for a boycott. President Eyadéma won the elections by a 96.42% vote against token opposition. About 36% of the voters went to the polls; the others boycotted.

Ghana-based armed dissidents launched a new commando attack on military sites in Lomé in January 1994. President Eyadéma was unhurt, and the attack and subsequent reaction by the Togolese armed forces resulted in hundreds of deaths, mostly civilians. The government went ahead with legislative elections on 6 February and 20 February 1994. In generally free and fair polls as witnessed by international observers, the allied opposition parties UTD and CAR together won a narrow majority in the National Assembly.

===Edem Kodjo named as prime minister===
On April 22, President Eyadéma named Edem Kodjo, the head of the smaller opposition party, the UTD, as prime minister instead of Yawovi Agboyibo, whose CAR party had far more seats. Kodjo's acceptance of the post of prime minister provoked the CAR to break the opposition alliance and refuse to join the Kodjo government. 
<!-- Missing image removed: [[Image:Edem Kodjo and Jacques Chirac.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Togolese politician '''Edem Kodjo''' (left) and French [[President of France|President]] [[Jacques Chirac]] in 1995.]] -->
Kodjo was then forced to form a governing coalition with the RPT. Kodjo's government emphasized economic recovery, building democratic institutions and the rule of law and the return of Togolese refugees abroad. In early 1995, the government made slow progress toward its goals, aided by the CAR's August 1995 decision to end a 9-month boycott of the National Assembly. However, Kodjo was forced to reshuffle his government in late 1995, strengthening the representation by Eyadéma's RPT party, and he resigned in August 1996. Since then, Eyadéma has reemerged with a sure grip on power, controlling most aspects of government.

In the June 1998 presidential election, the government prevented citizens from effectively exercising the right to vote. The Interior Ministry declared Eyadéma the winner with 52% of the vote in the 1998 election; however, serious irregularities in the government's conduct of the election strongly favored the incumbent and appear to have affected the outcome materially. Although the government did not obstruct the functioning of political opponents openly, the President used the strength of the military and his government allies to intimidate and harass citizens and opposition groups. The government and the state remained highly centralized: President Eyadéma's national government appointed the officials and controlled the budgets of all subnational government entities, including prefectures and municipalities, and influenced the selection of traditional chiefs.

===National Assembly elections===
The second multi-party legislative elections of Eyadéma's 33-year rule were held on 21 March 1999. However, the opposition [[election boycott|boycotted the election]], in which the ruling party won 79 of the 81 seats in the National Assembly. Those two seats went to candidates from little-known independent parties. Procedural problems and significant fraud, particularly misrepresentation of voter turnout, marred the legislative elections. 
After the legislative election, the government announced that it would continue to pursue dialog with the opposition. In June 1999, the RPT and opposition parties met in Paris, in the presence of facilitators representing France, Germany, the [[European Union]], and [[La Francophonie]] (an international organization of French-speaking countries), to agree on security measures for formal negotiations in Lomé. In July 1999, the government and the opposition began discussions, and on 29 July 1999, all sides signed an accord called the "[[Lomé Framework Agreement]]", which included a pledge by President Eyadéma that he would respect the constitution and not seek another term as president after his current one expires in 2003. The accord also called for the negotiation of a legal status for opposition leaders, as well as for former heads of state (such as their immunity from prosecution for acts in office). In addition, the accord addressed the rights and duties of political parties and the media, the safe return of refugees, and the security of all citizens. The accord also contained a provision for compensating victims of political violence. The President also agreed to dissolve the National Assembly in March and hold new legislative elections, which would be supervised by an independent national election commission ({{Interlanguage link multi|Independent National Electoral Commission (Togo)|fr|3=Commission électorale nationale indépendante (Togo)|lt=CENI}}) and which would use the single-ballot method to protect against some of the abuses of past elections. However, the March 2000 date passed without presidential action, and new legislative elections were ultimately rescheduled for October 2001. Because of funding problems and disagreements between the government and opposition, the elections were again delayed, this time until March 2002.

In May 2002 the government scrapped CENI, blaming the opposition for its inability to function. In its stead, the government appointed seven magistrates to oversee preparations for legislative elections. Not surprisingly, the opposition announced it would boycott them. Held in October, as a result of the opposition's boycott the government party won more than two-thirds of the seats in the National Assembly. In December 2002, Eyadéma's government used this rubber-stamp parliament to amend Togo's constitution, allowing President Eyadéma to run for an “unlimited” number of terms. A further amendment stated that candidates must reside in the country for at least 12 months before an election, a provision that barred the participation in the upcoming presidential election of popular [[Union des Forces du Progrès]] (UFC) candidate, Gilchrist Olympio, who had been in exile since 1992. The presidential election was held 1 June. President Eyadéma was re-elected with 57% of the votes, amid allegations of widespread vote rigging.