Editing History of Scotland (section)

==The Stuarts==
{{Main|House of Stuart}}
[[File:Francesco Berlinghieri, Geographia, incunabolo per niccolò di lorenzo, firenze 1482, 09 isole britanniche 03 scozia.jpg|thumb|upright=1.3|Highlands in 1482]]
[[File:Armorial depiction of the King of Scots.jpg|thumb|right|upright=0.8|Heraldic depiction of the King of Scots from a 15th-century French armorial]]
After David II's death, [[Robert II of Scotland|Robert II]], the first of the Stewart kings, came to the throne in 1371. He was followed in 1390 by his ailing son John, who took the [[regnal name]] [[Robert III of Scotland|Robert III]]. During Robert III's reign (1390–1406), actual power rested largely in the hands of his brother, [[Robert Stewart, Duke of Albany]].<ref name="Rigby2003">{{Cite book |last=Rigby |first=S. H. (Stephen Henry) |title=A Companion to Britain in the Later Middle Ages |date=2003 |publisher=Wiley-Blackwell |isbn=978-9-004-17624-9 |pages=301–302 |ol=23186390M}}</ref> After the suspicious death (possibly on the orders of the Duke of Albany) of his elder son, David, Duke of Rothesay in 1402, Robert, fearful for the safety of his younger son, the future [[James I of Scotland|James I]], sent him to France in 1406. However, the English captured him en route and he spent the next 18 years as a prisoner held for ransom. As a result, after the death of Robert III, regents ruled Scotland: first, the Duke of Albany; and later his son [[Murdoch Stewart, Duke of Albany|Murdoch]]. When Scotland finally paid the ransom in 1424, James, aged 32, returned with his English bride determined to assert his authority.<ref name=Rigby2003/> Several of the Albany family were executed; but he succeeded in centralising control in the hands of the crown, at the cost of increasing unpopularity, and was assassinated in 1437. His son [[James II of Scotland|James II]] (reigned 1437–1460), when he came of age in 1449, continued his father's policy of weakening the great noble families, most notably taking on the powerful [[House of Douglas|Black Douglas family]] that had come to prominence at the time of the Bruce.<ref name=Rigby2003/>

In 1468, the last significant acquisition of Scottish territory occurred when [[James III of Scotland|James III]] was engaged to [[Margaret of Denmark, Queen of Scotland|Margaret of Denmark]], receiving the [[Orkney Islands]] and the [[Shetland Islands]] in payment of her dowry.<ref>{{Harvp|Wormald|1991|p=5}}.</ref> [[Berwick upon Tweed]] was [[capture of Berwick (1482)|captured by England in 1482]]. With the death of James III in 1488 at the [[Battle of Sauchieburn]], his successor [[James IV]] successfully ended the quasi-independent rule of the [[Lord of the Isles]], bringing the Western Isles under effective Royal control for the first time.<ref name=Rigby2003/> In 1503, he married [[Margaret Tudor]], daughter of [[Henry VII of England]], thus laying the foundation for the 17th-century [[Union of the Crowns]].<ref>{{Cite book |title=Scots and Britons: Scottish political thought and the union of 1603 |date=1994 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-42034-1 |editor-last=Mason |editor-first=Roger A. |page=162 |ol=1422140M}}</ref>

Scotland advanced markedly in educational terms during the 15th century with the founding of the [[University of St Andrews]] in 1413, the [[University of Glasgow]] in 1450 and the [[University of Aberdeen]] in 1495, and with the passing of the [[Education Act 1496]], which decreed that all sons of barons and freeholders of substance should attend grammar schools.<ref>{{Cite book |title=A Companion to Medieval Scottish Poetry |date=2006 |publisher=D.S. Brewer |isbn=978-1-843-84096-1 |editor-last=Bawcutt |editor-first=Priscilla J. |page=30 |ol=17210473M |editor-last2=Williams |editor-first2=Janet Hadley}}</ref> James IV's reign is often considered to have seen a flowering of Scottish culture under the influence of the European [[Renaissance]].<ref>{{Harvp|Dawson|2007|page=117}}.</ref>

[[File:View of Edinburgh from the Palace block of Edinburgh Castle.jpg|thumb|left|View from the royal apartments in Edinburgh Castle, used by the Stewart monarchs]]
In 1512, the Auld Alliance was renewed and under its terms, when the French were attacked by the English under [[Henry VIII]], James IV invaded England in support. The invasion was stopped decisively at the [[Battle of Flodden Field]] during which the King, many of his nobles, and a large number of ordinary troops were killed, commemorated by the song ''[[Flowers of the Forest]]''. Once again Scotland's government lay in the hands of regents in the name of the infant [[James V]].<ref>{{Cite book |title=The Scottish Nation: A history of the Scots from Independence to Union |date=2002 |publisher=Edinburgh University Press |isbn=978-1-902-93039-8 |editor-last=Menzies |editor-first=Gordon |editor-link=Gordon Menzies |edition=2nd rev. |page=179 |ol=8766289M |orig-date=1974}}</ref>

James V finally managed to escape from the custody of the regents in 1528. He continued his father's policy of subduing the rebellious [[Scottish Highlands|Highlands]], Western and Northern isles and the troublesome borders.<ref name="Nicholls1999pp82-4">{{Harvp|Nicholls|1999|pages=82–84}}.</ref> He also continued the French alliance, marrying first the French noblewoman [[Madeleine of Valois]] and then after her death [[Marie of Guise]].<ref name=Nicholls1999pp82-4/> James V's domestic and foreign policy successes were overshadowed by another disastrous campaign against England that led to defeat at the [[Battle of Solway Moss]] (1542).<ref name=Nicholls1999pp82-4/> James died a short time later, a demise blamed by contemporaries on "a broken heart". The day before his death, he was brought news of the birth of an heir: a daughter, who would become [[Mary, Queen of Scots]].<ref name="Nicholls1999p87">{{Harvp|Nicholls|1999|page=87}}.</ref>

Once again, Scotland was in the hands of a regent. Within two years, the [[Rough Wooing]] began, Henry VIII's military attempt to force a marriage between Mary and his son, [[Edward VI of England|Edward]]. This took the form of border skirmishing and several English campaigns into Scotland. In 1547, after the death of Henry VIII, forces under the English regent [[Edward Seymour, 1st Duke of Somerset]] were victorious at the [[Battle of Pinkie Cleugh]], the climax of the Rough Wooing, and followed up by the occupation of [[Siege of Haddington|Haddington]]. Mary was then sent to France at the age of five, as the intended bride of the heir to the French throne. Her mother, Marie de Guise, stayed in Scotland to look after the interests of Mary – and of France – although the [[James Hamilton, 2nd Earl of Arran|Earl of Arran]] acted officially as regent.<ref>{{Harvp|Dawson|2007}}.</ref> Guise responded by calling on French troops, who helped stiffen resistance to the English occupation. By 1550, after a change of regent in England, the English withdrew from Scotland completely.

From 1554 on, Marie de Guise took over the regency and continued to advance French interests in Scotland. French cultural influence resulted in a large influx of French vocabulary into [[Scots language|Scots]]. But anti-French sentiment also grew, particularly among [[Protestant]]s, who saw the English as their natural allies. This led to armed conflict at the [[siege of Leith]]. Marie de Guise died in June 1560, and soon after the Auld Alliance also ended, with the signing of the [[Treaty of Edinburgh]], which provided for the removal of French and English troops from Scotland. The [[Scottish Reformation]] took place only days later when the [[Scottish Reformation Parliament|Scottish Parliament]] abolished the [[Roman Catholic]] religion and outlawed the [[Mass (liturgy)|Mass]].<ref>{{Harvp|Wormald|1991|pp=115–117}}.</ref>

[[File:The murder of David Rizzio from the Duke of Buccleuch statue.jpg|thumb|Depiction of [[David Rizzio]]'s murder in 1566]]
Meanwhile, Queen Mary had been raised as a Catholic in France, and married to the [[Dauphin of France|Dauphin]], who became king as [[Francis II of France|Francis II]] in 1559, making her queen consort of France.<ref>{{Harvp|Dawson|2007|p=208}}.</ref> When Francis died in 1560, Mary, now 19, returned to Scotland to take up the government. Despite her private religion, she did not attempt to re-impose Catholicism on her largely Protestant subjects, thus angering the chief Catholic nobles. Her six-year personal reign was marred by a series of crises, largely caused by the intrigues and rivalries of the leading nobles. The murder of her secretary, [[David Riccio]], was followed by that of her unpopular second husband [[Henry Stuart, Lord Darnley|Lord Darnley]], and her abduction by and marriage to the [[James Hepburn, 4th Earl of Bothwell|Earl of Bothwell]], who was implicated in Darnley's murder.<ref>{{Harvp|Mitchison|2002|pp=129–133}}.</ref> Mary and Bothwell confronted the lords at [[Carberry Hill]] and after their forces melted away, he fled and she was captured by Bothwell's rivals. Mary was imprisoned in [[Lochleven Castle]], and in July 1567, was forced to abdicate in favour of her infant son [[James VI]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Willson |first=David Harris |title=King James VI & I |date=1963 |publisher=Jonathan Cape |isbn=978-0-224-00722-1 |page=19 |ol=43125668M |author-link=David Harris Willson |orig-date=1956}}</ref> Mary eventually escaped and attempted to regain the throne by force. After her defeat at the [[Battle of Langside]] in 1568, she took refuge in England, leaving her young son in the hands of regents. In Scotland the regents fought a [[Marian Civil War|civil war]] on behalf of James VI against his mother's supporters. In England, Mary became a focal point for Catholic conspirators and was eventually tried for treason and executed on the orders of her kinswoman Elizabeth I.<ref>{{Harvp|Wormald|1991|p=183}}.</ref><ref>{{Harvp|Dawson|2007|pp=316–317}}.</ref>