Editing History of Romania (section)

=== Carpi and Costoboci ===
{{Main|Carpi (people)|Costoboci}}
The Carpi were a sizeable group of tribes, who lived beyond the north-eastern boundary of Roman Dacia. The majority view among modern scholars is that the Carpi were a North Thracian tribe and a subgroup of the Dacians.<ref>* {{harvnb|Goffart|2006| p=205}}
* {{harvnb|Bunson |1995| p=74}}
* {{harvnb|MacKendrick| 2000| p=117}}
* {{harvnb|Parvan| Florescu| 1982| p=136}}
* {{harvnb|Burns |1991| pp=26 and 27}}
* {{harvnb|Odahl|2003|p=19}}
* {{harvnb|Waldman|Mason|2006|p=19}}
* {{harvnb|Millar| 1970}}</ref> However, some historians classify them as Slavs.{{sfn | Waldman | Mason| 2006 | p=129}}
According to Heather, the Carpi were Dacians from the eastern foothills of the Carpathian range – modern Moldavia and Wallachia – who had not been brought under direct Roman rule at the time of Trajan's conquest of Transylvania Dacia. After they generated a new degree of political unity among themselves in the course of the third century, these Dacian groups came to be known collectively as the Carpi.{{sfn | Heather | 2010 | p=114}}
[[File:Captive dacian pushkin.JPG|thumb|Dacian cast in [[Pushkin Museum]], after original in [[Lateran Museum]]. Early second century AD.]]

The ancient sources about the Carpi, before 104 AD, located them on a territory situated between the western side of Eastern European Galicia and the mouth of the Danube.{{sfn|Pârvan|1926|p=239}} The name of the tribe is homonymous with the Carpathian mountains.{{sfn|Schütte|1917|p=100}} Carpi and Carpathian are Dacian words derived from the root ''(s)ker''- "cut" cf. Albanian ''karp'' "stone" and Sanskrit ''kar''- "cut".{{sfn | Russu | 1969 | pp=114–115}}{{sfn | Tomaschek | 1883 |p=403}}A quote from the 6th-century Byzantine chronicler [[Zosimus (historian)|Zosimus]] referring to the [[Carpo-Dacians]] (Greek: Καρποδάκαι, Latin: ''Carpo-Dacae''), who attacked the Romans in the late 4th century, is seen as evidence of their Dacian ethnicity. In fact, Carpi/Carpodaces is the term used for Dacians outside of Dacia proper.{{sfn | Goffart | 2006 |p=205}} However, that the Carpi were Dacians is shown not so much by the form Καρποδάκαι in [[Zosimus (historian)|Zosimus]] as by their characteristic place-names in –''dava'', given by Ptolemy in their country.{{sfn | Minns | 2011 | p=124}} The origin and ethnic affiliations of the Carpi have been debated over the years; in modern times they are closely associated with the Carpathian Mountains, and a good case has been made for attributing to the Carpi a distinct material culture, "a developed form of the Geto-Dacian La Tene culture", often known as the Poienesti culture, which is characteristic of this area.{{sfn| Nixon| Saylor Rodgers|1995|p=116}}

The main view is that the ''[[Costoboci]]'' were ethnically Dacian.<ref>* {{harvnb|Heather|2010| p=131}}
*{{harvnb|Waldman|Mason|2006|p=184}}
* {{harvnb|Poghirc|1989| p= 302}}
* {{harvnb|Pârvan |1928| pp= 184 and 188}}
*{{harvnb|Nandris|1976|p=729}}
* {{harvnb|Oledzki|2000| p= 525}}
* {{harvnb|Astarita|1983| p= 62}}</ref> Others considered them a Slavic or Sarmatian tribe.{{sfn | Hrushevskyi | 1997 | p=100}}{{sfn|Waldman|Mason|2006|p=184}} There was also a Celtic influence, so that some consider them a mixed Celtic and Thracian group that appear, after Trajan's conquest, as a Dacian group within the Celtic superstratum.{{sfn|Nandris|1976|p=729}} The Costoboci inhabited the southern slopes of the Carpathians.{{sfn | Hrushevskyi | 1997 | p=98}} Ptolemy named the Coestoboci (Costoboci in Roman sources) twice, showing them divided by the Dniester and the Peucinian (Carpathian) Mountains. This suggests that they lived on both sides of the Carpathians, but it is also possible that two accounts about the same people were combined.{{sfn | Hrushevskyi | 1997 | p=98}} There was also a group, the Transmontani, that some modern scholars identify as Dacian Transmontani Costoboci of the extreme north.{{sfn|Schütte|1917|p=100}}{{sfn|Parvan |Florescu |1982|p=135}} The name Transmontani was from the Dacians' Latin,{{Citation needed|date=June 2023}} literally "people over the mountains". Mullenhoff identified these with the Transiugitani, another Dacian tribe north of the Carpathian mountains.{{sfn|Schütte|1917|p=18}}

Based on the account of [[Dio Cassius]], Heather (2010) considers that Hasding Vandals, around 171 AD, attempted to take control of lands which previously belonged to the free Dacian group called the Costoboci.{{sfn | Heather | 2010 | p=131}} Hrushevskyi mentions that the earlier widespread view that these Carpathian tribes were Slavic has no basis. This would be contradicted by the Coestobocan names themselves that are known from the inscriptions, written by a Coestobocan and therefore presumably accurately. These names sound quite unlike anything Slavic.{{sfn | Hrushevskyi | 1997 | p=100}} Scholars such as Tomaschek, Schütte and Russu consider these Costobocian names to be Thraco-Dacian.{{sfn | Tomaschek | 1883 | p=407}}{{sfn|Schütte|1917|p=143}}{{sfn | Russu | 1969 | pp= 99,116 }}