Editing History of Peru (section)

===Viceroyalty of Peru (1542–1824)===
{{main|Viceroyalty of Peru}}
[[File:Colonial Peru textile.jpg|thumb|Colonial [[tapestry]], late 17th or early 18th century. It was woven by indigenous weavers for a Spanish client, incorporating then-fashionable Chinese imagery.]]
[[File:Planta de la muy yllustre ciudad de los reyes corte del reino del Peru - (Lima) LOC 2010592749.jpg|thumb|Plan of the City of Kings (Lima), 1674.]]

In 1542, the Spanish Crown created the [[Viceroyalty of Peru]], which was reorganized after the arrival of Viceroy [[Francisco de Toledo]] in 1572. He put an end to the indigenous [[Neo-Inca State]] in [[Vilcabamba, Peru|Vilcabamba]] and executed [[Túpac Amaru|Tupac Amaru I]]. He also sought economic development through commercial monopoly and mineral extraction, mainly from the silver mines of [[Potosí]]. He reused the Inca ''[[Mita (Inca)|mita]]'', a forced labor program, to mobilize native communities for mining work. This organization transformed Peru into the principal source of Spanish wealth and power in South America.

The town of [[Lima]], founded by Pizarro on 18 January 1535 as the "Ciudad de Reyes" (City of Kings), became the seat of the new viceroyalty. It grew into a powerful city, with jurisdiction over most of Spanish South America. Precious metals passed through Lima on their way to the [[Isthmus of Panama]] and from there to [[Seville, Spain]] for the Atlantic route. For the Pacific, it passed to Mexico and disembarked from the port of Acapulco and eventually arrived at the Philippines. By the 18th century, Lima had become a distinguished and aristocratic colonial capital, seat of a university and the chief Spanish stronghold in the Americas. Peru was thus wealthy and highly populated. [[Sebastian Hurtado de Corcuera]], governor of [[Panama]] settled [[Zamboanga City]] in the Philippines, where residents now speak a [[Chavacano|Spanish Creole]], by employing soldiers and colonists recruited from the towns of Peru.<ref>[http://www.zamboanga.com/html/history_1634_moro_attacks.htm "SECOND BOOK OF THE SECOND PART OF THE CONQUESTS OF THE FILIPINAS ISLANDS, AND CHRONICLE OF THE RELIGIOUS OF OUR FATHER, ST. AUGUSTINE"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210228083013/https://www.zamboanga.com/html/history_1634_moro_attacks.htm |date=2021-02-28 }} (Zamboanga City History) "He (Governor Don Sebastían Hurtado de Corcuera) brought a great reënforcement of soldiers, many of them from Perú, as he made his voyage to Acapulco from that kingdom."</ref>

Nevertheless, throughout the eighteenth century, further away from Lima in the provinces, the Spanish did not have complete control. The Spanish could not govern the provinces without the help of local elite. This local elite, who governed under the title of Curaca, took pride in their Incan history. Additionally, throughout the eighteenth century, indigenous people rebelled against the Spanish. Two of the most important rebellions were that of [[Juan Santos Atahualpa]] in 1742 in the Andean jungle provinces of [[Tarma]] and [[Jauja]], which expelled the Spanish from a large area, and the Rebellion of [[Túpac Amaru II]] in 1780 around the highlands near Cuzco.

At the time, an economic crisis was developing due to creation of the Viceroyalties of [[Viceroyalty of New Granada|New Granada]] and [[Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata|Rio de la Plata]] (at the expense of its territory), the duty exemptions that moved the commercial center from [[Lima]] to [[Caracas]] and [[Buenos Aires]], and the decrease of the mining and textile production. This crisis proved favorable for the indigenous rebellion of Túpac Amaru II and determined the progressive decay of the Viceroyalty of Peru.

In 1808, Napoleon invaded the [[Iberian Peninsula]] and took the king, [[Ferdinand VII of Spain|Ferdinand VII]], hostage. Later in 1812, the [[Cortes of Cádiz|Cadíz Cortes]], the national legislative assembly of Spain, promulgated a liberal [[Spanish Constitution of 1812|Constitution of Cadiz]]. These events inspired emancipating ideas between the [[Criollo people|Spanish Criollo people]] throughout the Spanish America. In Peru, the Creole rebellion of [[Huánuco (Department of Peru)|Huánuco]] arose in 1812 and the rebellion of [[Cusco (Department of Peru)|Cuzco]] arose between 1814 and 1816. Despite these rebellions, the [[Criollo people|Criollo]] oligarchy in Peru remained mostly Spanish loyalist, which accounts for the fact that the [[Viceroyalty of Peru]] became the last redoubt of the Spanish dominion in South America.