Editing History of London (section)

==Modern history==

===Tudor London (1485–1604)===
{{main|Tudor London}}
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[[File:London - John Norden's map of 1593.jpg|thumb|300px|[[John Norden]]'s map of London in 1593. There is only one bridge across the Thames, but parts of Southwark on the south bank of the river have been developed.]]

In 1475, the [[Hanseatic League]] set up its main English trading base (''[[kontor]]'') in London, called ''Stalhof'' or ''[[Steelyard]]''. It existed until 1853, when the Hanseatic cities of [[Lübeck]], [[Bremen]] and [[Hamburg]] sold the property to [[South Eastern Railway, UK|South Eastern Railway]].<ref name=EB>{{EB1911|wstitle=Steelyard, Merchants of the}}</ref> [[Woollen]] cloth was shipped undyed and undressed from 14th/15th century London to the nearby shores of the [[Low Countries]], where it was considered indispensable.<ref>J. G. Pounds (1976). "An Historical Geography of Europe 450 B.C.-A.D. 1330, Part 1330". p. 430. CUP Archive</ref>

During the [[English Reformation]], London was the principal early centre of [[Protestantism]] in England. Its close commercial connections with the Protestant heartlands in northern continental Europe, large foreign mercantile communities, disproportionately large number of literate inhabitants and role as the centre of the English print trade all contributed to the spread of the new ideas of religious reform. Before the Reformation, more than half of the area of London was the property of [[monasteries]], [[nunnery|nunneries]] and other religious houses.<ref name=pevsner>[[Nikolaus Pevsner]], ''London I: The Cities of London and Westminster'' rev. edition,1962, Introduction p 48.</ref>

[[Henry VIII of England|King Henry VIII]]'s "[[Dissolution of the Monasteries]]" had a profound effect on the city as nearly all of this property changed hands. The process started in the mid-1530s, and by 1538 most of the larger monastic houses had been abolished. Holy Trinity Aldgate went to [[John Tuchet, 8th Baron Audley|Lord Audley]], and the [[William Paulet, 1st Marquess of Winchester|Marquess of Winchester]] built himself a house in part of its precincts. The [[London Charterhouse|Charterhouse]] went to Lord North, Blackfriars to [[W:George Brooke, 9th Baron Cobham|Lord Cobham]], the leper hospital of St Giles to Lord Dudley, while the king took for himself the leper hospital of St James, which was rebuilt as [[St James's Palace]].<ref name="pevsner"/>

The period saw London rapidly rising in importance among Europe's commercial centres. Trade expanded beyond Western Europe to Russia, the Levant, and the Americas. This was the period of [[mercantilism]] and monopoly trading companies such as the [[Muscovy Company]] (1555) and the [[British East India Company]] (1600) were established in London by royal charter. The latter, which ultimately came to rule India, was one of the key institutions in London, and in Britain as a whole, for two and a half centuries. Immigrants arrived in London not just from all over England and Wales, but from abroad as well, for example Huguenots from France; the population rose from an estimated 50,000 in 1530 to about 225,000 in 1605.<ref name=pevsner/> The growth of the population and wealth of London was fuelled by a vast expansion in the use of coastal shipping.

The late 16th and early 17th century saw the great flourishing of drama in London whose preeminent figure was the poet and playwright [[William Shakespeare]]. During the mostly calm later years of Elizabeth's reign, some of her courtiers and some of the wealthier citizens of London built themselves country residences in [[Middlesex]], [[Essex]] and [[Surrey]]. This was an early stirring of the villa movement, the taste for residences which were neither of the city nor on an agricultural estate, but at the time of Elizabeth's death in 1603, London was still relatively compact.

[[File:Civitas Londinium or The Agas Map of London.jpg|thumb|600px|center|The [[Woodcut map of London|"Woodcut" map of London]], formally titled ''Civitas Londinum'' ({{Circa|1561}})]]

[[Xenophobia]] was rampant in London, and increased after the 1580s. Many immigrants became disillusioned by routine threats of violence and molestation, attempts at expulsion of foreigners, and the great difficulty in acquiring English citizenship. Dutch cities proved more hospitable, and many left London permanently.<ref>Bich Luu Lien, "Taking the Bread Out of Our Mouths: Xenophobia in Early Modern London", ''Immigrants and Minorities,'' July 2000, Vol. 19 Issue 2, pp. 1–22</ref> Foreigners are estimated to have made up 4,000 of the 100,000 residents of London by 1600, many being Dutch and German workers and traders.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Bloody foreigners : the story of immigration to Britain|last=Winder|first=Robert|publisher=Abacus|year=2005|isbn=9780349115665|location=London|oclc=60417612|quote=Most of the foreigners who came this way were ambitious and knowledgeable. They were innovators, carrier pigeons for the best of the continental expertise and craftsmanship. There were perhaps as many as four thousand in London in 1600 (out of a population of some one hundred thousand). Many of these were transient, of course, not much more than international [[sales rep]]s. But some were prominent figures in English society: men like {{sic|hide=y|[[Georg Giese|George Gisze]]}} from Danzig, Dirk Tybis from Duisberg, or the Coglone expatriates Herman Hildebrand, Derich Born and Derich Berck.|author-link=Robert Winder}}</ref>

===Stuart London (1603–1714)===
{{main|Stuart London}}
{{Wide image|London panorama, 1616b.jpg|1000px|A [[Visscher panorama|panorama of London]] by [[Claes Jansz. Visscher]], 1616. [[Old St Paul's Cathedral]] had lost its spire by this time. The two theatres on the foreground (Southwark) side of the Thames are [[Beargarden|The Bear Garden]] and [[Globe Theatre|The Globe]]. The large church in the foreground is St Mary Overie, now [[Southwark Cathedral]].}}

London's expansion beyond the boundaries of the City was decisively established in the 17th century. In the opening years of that century the immediate environs of the City, with the principal exception of the aristocratic residences in the direction of Westminster, were still considered not conducive to health. Immediately to the north was [[Moorfields]], which had recently been drained and laid out in walks, but it was frequented by beggars and travellers, who crossed it in order to get into London. Adjoining Moorfields were [[Finsbury]] Fields, a favourite practising ground for the archers, [[Mile End]], then a common on the Great Eastern Road and famous as a rendezvous for the troops.

The preparations for [[James I of England|King James I]]’s accession to the throne were interrupted by a severe plague epidemic, which may have killed over thirty thousand people. The [[Lord Mayor's Show]], which had been discontinued for some years, was revived by order of the king in 1609. The dissolved monastery of the [[London Charterhouse|Charterhouse]], which had been bought and sold by the courtiers several times, was purchased by [[Thomas Sutton]] for £13,000. The new hospital, chapel, and schoolhouse were begun in 1611. [[Charterhouse School]] was to be one of the principal [[public school (England)|public schools]] in London until it moved to Surrey in the Victorian era, and the site is still used as a [[Barts and The London, Queen Mary's School of Medicine and Dentistry|medical school]].<ref>Sheila Hannah Williams, ''The Lord Mayor's Show in Tudor and Stuart Times'' (1959).</ref>

The general meeting-place of Londoners in the day-time was the nave of [[Old St. Paul's Cathedral]]. Merchants conducted business in the aisles, and used the font as a counter upon which to make their payments; lawyers received clients at their particular pillars; and the unemployed looked for work. St Paul's Churchyard was the centre of the book trade and [[Fleet Street]] was a centre of public entertainment. Under James I the theatre, which established itself so firmly in the latter years of Elizabeth, grew further in popularity. The performances at the public theatres were complemented by elaborate [[masques]] at the royal court and at the inns of court.<ref>Michael Berlin,  "Civic ceremony in early modern London". ''Urban History'' 13 (1986): 15–27. "Civic ceremony in early modern London". ''Urban History'' (1986) 13#1 pp: 15–27.</ref>

[[Charles I of England|Charles I]] acceded to the throne in 1625. During his reign, aristocrats began to inhabit the [[West End of London|West End]] in large numbers. In addition to those who had specific business at court, increasing numbers of country landowners and their families lived in London for part of the year simply for the social life. This was the beginning of the "London season". [[Lincoln's Inn Fields]] was built about 1629.<ref>Judith Milhous, ''Thomas Betterton and the management of Lincoln's Inn Fields, 1695–1708'' (Southern Illinois University Press, 1979)</ref> The piazza of [[Covent Garden]], designed by England's first classically trained architect [[Inigo Jones]] followed in about 1632. The neighbouring streets were built shortly afterwards, and the names of Henrietta, Charles, James, King and York Streets were given after members of the royal family.<ref>John Summerson, ''Inigo Jones'' (Penguin books, 1966)</ref>

[[File:Samuel Pepys.jpg|thumb|[[Samuel Pepys]], chronicler of [[Stuart London]]]]
In January 1642 [[five members]] of the [[Parliament of England]] whom the King wished to arrest were granted refuge in the City. In August of the same year the King raised his banner at [[Nottingham]], and during the [[English Civil War]] London took the side of the parliament. Initially the king had the upper hand in military terms and in November he won the [[Battle of Brentford (1642)|Battle of Brentford]] a few miles to the west of London. The City organised a new makeshift army and Charles hesitated and retreated.

Subsequently, an extensive system of fortifications was built to protect London from a renewed attack by the [[Cavalier|Royalists]]. This comprised a strong earthen rampart, enhanced with bastions and redoubts. It was well beyond the City walls and encompassed the whole urban area, including Westminster and Southwark. London was not seriously threatened by the royalists again, and the financial resources of the City made an important contribution to the [[Parliamentarians (English Civil War)|Parliamentarians]]' victory in the war.

The unsanitary and overcrowded City of London has suffered numerous outbreaks of the plague many times over the centuries, but in Britain it is the last major outbreak which is remembered as the "[[Great Plague of London|Great Plague]]". It occurred in 1665 and 1666 and killed around 60,000 people, which was one-fifth of the population. [[Samuel Pepys]] chronicled the epidemic in his diary. On 4 September 1665 he wrote "I have stayed in the city till above 7400 died in one week, and of them about 6000 of the plague, and little noise heard day or night but tolling of bells."<ref>{{cite book|author=Peter Hampson Ditchfield|title=Memorials of Old London|publisher=Bemrose & sons, limited|url=https://archive.org/details/memorialsoldlon01ditcgoog|year=1908|page=[https://archive.org/details/memorialsoldlon01ditcgoog/page/n116 76]}}</ref><ref>Walter George Bell, ''The Great Plague in London'' (Bracken Books, 1995).</ref>

====Great Fire of London (1666)====
{{main|Great Fire of London}}
The Great Plague was immediately followed by another catastrophe, albeit one which helped to put an end to the plague. On the Sunday, 2 September 1666 the [[Great Fire of London]] broke out at one o'clock in the morning at a bakery in [[Pudding Lane]] in the southern part of the City. Fanned by an eastern wind the fire spread, and efforts to arrest it by pulling down houses to make firebreaks were disorganised to begin with. On Tuesday night the wind fell somewhat, and on Wednesday the fire slackened. On Thursday it was extinguished, but on the evening of that day the flames again burst forth at the Temple. Some houses were at once blown up by gunpowder, and thus the fire was finally mastered. [[The Monument]] was built to commemorate the fire: for over a century and a half it bore an inscription attributing the conflagration to a ''"popish frenzy"''.<ref>Peter Ackroyd, ''The great fire of London'' (U of Chicago Press, 1988)</ref>

[[File:John Evelyn's plan for the rebuilding of London after the Great Fire.JPG|thumb|350px|[[John Evelyn]]'s plan for the rebuilding of London after the Great Fire]]
The fire destroyed about 60% of the City, including [[Old St Paul's Cathedral]], 87 parish churches, 44 [[livery company]] halls and the [[Royal Exchange, London|Royal Exchange]]. However, the number of lives lost was surprisingly small; it is believed to have been 16 at most. Within a few days of the fire, three plans were presented to the king for the rebuilding of the city, by [[Christopher Wren]], [[John Evelyn]] and [[Robert Hooke]].<ref>Thomas Fiddian Reddaway, ''The rebuilding of London after the great fire'' (Arnold, 1951).</ref>

Wren proposed to build main thoroughfares north and south, and east and west, to insulate all the churches in conspicuous positions, to form the most public places into large piazzas, to unite the halls of the 12 chief livery companies into one regular square annexed to the [[Guildhall, London|Guildhall]], and to make a fine quay on the bank of the river from [[Blackfriars, London|Blackfriars]] to the [[Tower of London]]. Wren wished to build the new streets straight and in three standard widths of thirty, sixty and ninety feet. Evelyn's plan differed from Wren's chiefly in proposing a street from the church of [[St Dunstan's in the East]] to the St Paul's, and in having no quay or terrace along the river. These plans were not implemented, and the rebuilt city generally followed the streetplan of the old one, and most of it has survived into the 21st century.

[[File:London - Richard Blome's map of 1673.JPG|thumb|350px|[[Richard Blome]]'s map of London (1673). The development of the West End had recently begun to accelerate.]]

Nonetheless, the new City was different from the old one. Many aristocratic residents never returned, preferring to take new houses in the West End, where fashionable new districts such as [[St. James's]] were built close to the main royal residence, which was the [[Palace of Whitehall]] until it was destroyed by fire in the 1690s, and thereafter [[St. James's Palace]]. The rural lane of [[Piccadilly]] sprouted courtiers mansions such as [[Burlington House]]. Thus the separation between the middle class mercantile City of London, and the aristocratic world of the court in [[Palace of Westminster|Westminster]] became complete.<ref>Timothy Baker, ''London: rebuilding the city after the great fire'' (Phillimore & Company, 2000)</ref>

In the City itself there was a move from wooden buildings to stone and brick construction to reduce the risk of fire. Parliament's [[Rebuilding of London Act 1666]] stated ''"building with brick [is] not only more comely and durable, but also more safe against future perils of fire"''. From then on only doorcases, window-frames and shop fronts were allowed to be made of wood.<ref>{{cite book|author1=Thomas Robert Way|author2=Henry Benjamin Wheatley|title=Reliques of Old London|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vjZAAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA10|year=1896|page=10}}</ref>

Christopher Wren's plan for a new model London came to nothing, but he was appointed to rebuild the ruined parish churches and to replace [[St Paul's Cathedral]]. His domed [[baroque]] cathedral was the primary symbol of London for at least a century and a half. As city surveyor, [[Robert Hooke]] oversaw the reconstruction of the City's houses. The [[East End]], that is the area immediately to the east of the city walls, also became heavily populated in the decades after the Great Fire. London's docks began to extend downstream, attracting many working people who worked on the docks themselves and in the processing and distributive trades. These people lived in [[Whitechapel]], [[Wapping]], [[Stepney]], and [[Limehouse]], generally in [[slum]] conditions.<ref>Michael Alan Ralph Cooper, ''A More Beautiful City: Robert Hooke and the Rebuilding of London After the Great Fire'' (Sutton Pub Limited, 2003)</ref>

In the winter of 1683–1684, a [[Thames frost fairs|frost fair]] was held on the Thames. The frost, which began about seven weeks before Christmas and continued for six weeks after, was the greatest on record. The [[Revocation of the Edict of Nantes]] in 1685 led to a large migration of [[Huguenots]] to London. They established a silk industry at [[Spitalfields]].<ref>{{cite book|author=William Andrews|title=Famous Frosts and Frost Fairs in Great Britain: Chronicled from the Earliest to the Present Time|url=https://archive.org/details/famousfrostsand00andrgoog|year=1887|publisher=G. Redway|pages=[https://archive.org/details/famousfrostsand00andrgoog/page/n30 16]–17}}</ref>

At this time the [[Bank of England]] was founded, and the British East India Company was expanding its influence. [[Lloyd's of London]] also began to operate in the late 17th century. In 1700, London handled 80% of England's imports, 69% of its exports and 86% of its re-exports. Many of the goods were luxuries from the [[Americas]] and [[Asia]] such as silk, sugar, tea, and tobacco. The last figure emphasises London's role as an [[entrepot]]: while it had many craftsmen in the 17th century, and would later acquire some large factories, its economic prominence was never based primarily on industry. Instead it was a great trading and redistribution centre. Goods were brought to London by England's increasingly dominant merchant navy, not only to satisfy domestic demand, but also for re-export throughout Europe and beyond.<ref>{{cite book|author=Miles Ogborn|title=Spaces of Modernity: London's Geographies, 1680-1780|url=https://archive.org/details/spacesofmodernit0000ogbo|url-access=registration|year=1998|publisher=Guilford Press|page=[https://archive.org/details/spacesofmodernit0000ogbo/page/206 206]|isbn=9781572303652}}</ref>

[[William III of England|William III]], a Dutchman, cared little for London, the smoke of which gave him [[asthma]], and after the first fire at the [[Palace of Whitehall]] in 1691, he purchased [[Nottingham House]] and transformed it into [[Kensington Palace]]. [[Kensington]] was then an insignificant village, but the arrival of the court soon caused it to grow in importance. The palace was rarely favoured by future monarchs, but its construction was another step in the expansion of the bounds of London. During the same reign [[Greenwich Hospital (London)|Greenwich Hospital]], then well outside the boundary of London, but now comfortably inside it, was begun; it was the naval complement to the [[Chelsea Hospital]] for former soldiers, which had been founded in 1681. During the reign of [[Anne, Queen of Great Britain|Queen Anne]] an act was passed authorising the building of 50 new churches to serve the greatly increased population living outside the boundaries of the City of London.<ref>Jason R. Ali and Peter Cunich. "The Church East and West: Orienting the Queen Anne Churches, 1711-34". ''The Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians'' (2005): 56–73. [https://www.jstor.org/stable/25068124 In JSTOR]</ref>

[[File:City of London Ogilby and Morgan's Map of 1677.jpg|thumb|center|500px|Ogilby & Morgan's map of the City of London (1673). "A Large and Accurate Map of the City of London. Ichnographically describing all the Streets, Lanes, Alleys, Courts, Yards, Churches, Halls, & Houses &c. Actually Surveyed and Delineated by [[John Ogilby]], His Majesties Cosmographer."]]

===18th century===
[[File:Panoramic view of London in 1751 by T. Bowles.JPG|thumb|250px|A view of London from the east in 1751]]
{{main|18th-century London}}
The 18th century was a period of rapid growth for London, reflecting an increasing national population, the early stirrings of the [[Industrial Revolution]], and London's role at the centre of the evolving [[British Empire]].

In 1707, an [[Acts of Union 1707|Act of Union]] was passed merging the Scottish and the English Parliaments, thus establishing the Kingdom of Great Britain. A year later, in 1708 Christopher Wren's masterpiece, [[St Paul's Cathedral]] was completed on his birthday. However, the first service had been held on 2nd of December 1697; more than 10 years earlier. This Cathedral replaced the original St. Paul's which had been completely destroyed by the [[Great Fire of London]]. This building is considered one of the finest in Britain and a fine example of [[Baroque architecture]].

[[File:StPaulsClockTower.jpg|thumb|The Clock Tower of Wren's [[St Paul's Cathedral]]]]

Many tradesmen from different countries came to London to trade goods and merchandise. Also, more immigrants moved to London making the population greater. More people also moved to London for work and for business making London an altogether bigger and busier city. [[Great Britain in the Seven Years' War|Britain's victory in the Seven Years' War]] increased the country's international standing and opened large new markets to British trade, further boosting London's prosperity.

During the Georgian period London spread beyond its traditional limits at an accelerating pace. This is shown in a series of detailed maps, particularly [[John Rocque]]'s 1741–45 map ''(see below)'' and his [[John Rocque's Map of London, 1746|1746 Map of London]]. New districts such as [[Mayfair]] were built for the rich in the West End, new bridges over the Thames encouraged an acceleration of development in [[South London]] and in the East End, the [[Port of London]] expanded downstream from the City.

In 1780, the [[Tower of London]] held its only American prisoner, [[Henry Laurens]], a former president of the [[Continental Congress]] and a [[Founding Fathers of the United States|Founding Father]]. In 1779, he was the Congress's representative of Holland, and got the country's support for the Revolution. On his return voyage back to America, he was captured by the [[Royal Navy]] and charged with treason after they had found evidence of a reason of war between Great Britain and the Netherlands. He was released from the Tower on 21 December 1781 in exchange for General [[Charles Cornwallis, 1st Marquess Cornwallis|Charles Cornwallis]].

In 1762, [[George III of Great Britain|King George III]] acquired [[Buckingham Palace]] (then called Buckingham House) from the [[Duke of Buckingham]]. It was enlarged over the next 75 years by architects including [[John Nash (architect)|John Nash]].
[[File:Buckingham House 1710.jpeg|thumb|250px|[[Buckingham Palace]] as it appeared in the 17th century]]
[[File:Buckingham Palace engraved by J.Woods after Hablot Browne & R.Garland publ 1837 edited.jpg|thumb|250px|Buckingham Palace in 1837, enlarged by [[John Nash (architect)|John Nash]]]]
[[English coffeehouses in the 17th and 18th centuries|A phenomenon of the era was the coffeehouse]], which became a popular place to debate ideas. Growing literacy and the development of the [[printing press]] meant that news became widely available. [[Fleet Street]] became the centre of the embryonic national press during the century.

18th-century London was dogged by crime.  The [[Bow Street Runners]] were established in 1750 as a professional police force. Penalties for crime were harsh, with the death penalty being applied for fairly minor crimes. Public [[hanging]]s were common in London, and were popular public events.

In 1780, London was rocked by the [[Gordon Riots]], an uprising by [[Protestant]]s against [[Roman Catholic]] emancipation led by [[Lord George Gordon]]. Severe damage was caused to Catholic churches and homes, and 285 rioters were killed.

Up until 1750, [[London Bridge]] was the only crossing over the [[Thames]], but in that year [[Westminster Bridge]] was opened and, for the first time in history, London Bridge, in a sense, had a rival. In 1798, Frankfurt banker [[Nathan Mayer Rothschild]] arrived in London and set up a banking house in the city, with a large sum of money given to him by his father, [[Amschel Mayer Rothschild]]. The [[Rothschild family|Rothschilds]] also had banks in Paris and Vienna. The bank financed numerous large-scale projects, especially regarding railways around the world and the [[Suez Canal]].<ref>Niall Ferguson, ''The House of Rothschild'' (2 vol. 1998) 2:171–75, 297–304</ref>

The 18th century saw the breakaway of the American colonies and many other unfortunate events in London, but also great change and Enlightenment. This all led into the beginning of modern times, the 19th century.

[[File:Rocque's Map of London 1741-5.jpg|thumb|center|500px|A detailed copy of [[John Rocque]]'s Map of London, 1741–5]]

===19th century===
{{main|19th-century London}}
[[File:London engraved by J. & C. Walker in 1845 from a map by R Creighton.JPG|thumb|350px|London as engraved by J. & C. Walker in 1845 from a map by R Creighton. Many districts in the West End were fully developed, and the East End also extended well beyond the eastern fringe of the City of London. There were now several bridges over the Thames, allowing the rapid development of [[South London]].]]
During the 19th century, London was transformed into the [[List of largest cities throughout history|world's largest city]] and capital of the British Empire. Its population expanded from 1&nbsp;million in 1800 to 6.7&nbsp;million a century later. During this period, London became a global political, financial, and trading capital. In this position, it was largely unrivalled until the latter part of the century, when [[Paris]] and [[New York City]] began to threaten its dominance.

While the city grew wealthy as Britain's holdings expanded, 19th-century London was also a city of poverty, where millions lived in overcrowded and unsanitary [[slum]]s. Life for the poor was immortalised by [[Charles Dickens]] in such novels as [[Oliver Twist]].

In 1829, the then Home Secretary (and future prime minister) [[Robert Peel]] established the [[Metropolitan Police]] as a police force covering the entire urban area. The force gained the nickname of "bobbies" or "peelers" named after Robert Peel.

19th-century London was transformed by the coming of the railways. A new network of metropolitan railways allowed for the development of suburbs in neighbouring counties from which middle-class and wealthy people could commute to the centre. While this spurred the massive outward growth of the city, the growth of greater London also exacerbated the class divide, as the wealthier classes emigrated to the suburbs, leaving the poor to inhabit the inner city areas.

The first railway to be built in London was a line from [[London Bridge]] to [[Greenwich]], which opened in 1836. This was soon followed by the opening of great rail termini which eventually linked London to every corner of Great Britain, including [[Euston railway station|Euston station]] (1837), [[Paddington station]] (1838), [[Fenchurch Street station]] (1841), [[London Waterloo railway station|Waterloo station]] (1848), [[London King's Cross railway station|King's Cross station]] (1850), and [[St Pancras station]] (1863). From 1863, the first lines of the [[London Underground]] were constructed.

The urbanised area continued to grow rapidly, spreading into [[Islington]], [[Paddington]], [[Belgravia]], [[Holborn]], [[Finsbury]], [[Shoreditch]], [[Southwark]] and [[Lambeth]]. Towards the middle of the century, London's antiquated local government system, consisting of ancient parishes and [[vestry|vestries]], struggled to cope with the rapid growth in population. In 1855, the [[Metropolitan Board of Works]] (MBW) was created to provide London with adequate infrastructure to cope with its growth. One of its first tasks was addressing London's sanitation problems. At the time, raw [[sewage]] was pumped straight into the [[River Thames]]. This culminated in [[The Great Stink]] of 1858.<ref>Lee Jackson, ''Dirty Old London: The Victorian Fight Against Filth'' (2014)</ref>

Parliament finally gave consent for the MBW to construct a large system of [[sanitary sewer|sewers]]. The engineer put in charge of building the new system was [[Joseph Bazalgette]]. In what was one of the largest [[civil engineering]] projects of the 19th century, he oversaw construction of over 2100&nbsp;km of tunnels and pipes under London to take away sewage and provide clean drinking water. When the [[London sewerage system]] was completed, the death toll in London dropped dramatically, and epidemics of [[cholera]] and other diseases were curtailed. Bazalgette's system is still in use today.<ref>Stephen Halliday, ''The great stink of London: Sir Joseph Bazalgette and the cleansing of the Victorian metropolis'' (The History Press, 2013)</ref>

One of the most famous events of 19th-century London was the [[Great Exhibition of 1851]]. Held at [[The Crystal Palace]], the fair attracted 6&nbsp;million visitors from across the world and displayed Britain at the height of its Imperial dominance.<ref>Jeffrey A., Auerbach, ed. ''The Great Exhibition of 1851: a nation on display'' (Yale University Press, 1999)</ref>
[[File:Westminster.JPG|thumb|The Houses of Parliament from Westminster Bridge in the early 1890s]]
As the capital of a massive empire, London became a magnet for immigrants from the colonies and poorer parts of Europe. A large Irish population settled in the city during the Victorian period, with many of the newcomers refugees from the [[Great Irish Famine|Great Famine (1845–1849)]]. At one point, Catholic Irish made up about 20% of London's population; they typically lived in overcrowded slums.<ref>Lynn Hollen Lees, ''Exiles of Erin: Irish Migrants in Victorian London'' (Manchester University Press, 1979)</ref> London also became home to [[History of the Jews in England|a sizable Jewish community]], which was notable for its entrepreneurship in the clothing trade and merchandising.<ref>Andrew Godley, ''Jewish Immigrant Entrepreneurship in New York and London, 1880–1914'' (2001)</ref>

In 1888, the new [[County of London]] was established, administered by the [[London County Council]]. This was the first elected London-wide administrative body, replacing the earlier Metropolitan Board of Works, which had been made up of appointees. The County of London covered broadly what was then the full extent of the London conurbation, although the conurbation later outgrew the boundaries of the county. In 1900, the county was sub-divided into 28 [[Metropolitan boroughs of the County of London|metropolitan boroughs]], which formed a more local tier of administration than the county council.

Many famous buildings and landmarks of London were constructed during the 19th century including:
* [[Trafalgar Square]]
* [[Clock Tower, Palace of Westminster|Big Ben]] and the [[Palace of Westminster|Houses of Parliament]]
* The [[Royal Albert Hall]]
* The [[Victoria and Albert Museum]]
* [[Tower Bridge]]

===20th century===
====1900 to 1939====
{{main|History of London 1900–1939}}
[[File:Cheapside 1909.jpg|thumb|right|[[Cheapside]] pictured in 1909, with the church of [[St Mary-le-Bow]] in the background]]
London entered the 20th century at the height of its influence as the capital of one of the largest empires in history, but the new century was to bring many challenges.

London's population continued to grow rapidly in the early decades of the century, and [[public transport]] was greatly expanded. A large tram network was constructed by the London County Council, through the [[London County Council Tramways|LCC Tramways]]; the first [[bus|motorbus]] service began in the 1900s. Improvements to London's overground and underground rail network, including large scale electrification were progressively carried out.

During World War I, London experienced its first bombing raids carried out by German [[zeppelin]] [[airship]]s; these killed around 700 people and caused great terror, but were merely a foretaste of what was to come. The city of London would experience many more terrors as a result of both World Wars. The largest explosion in London occurred during World War I: the [[Silvertown explosion]], when a munitions factory containing 50 tons of [[Trinitrotoluene|TNT]] exploded, killing 73 and injuring 400.

The [[Interwar|period between the two World Wars]] saw London's geographical extent growing more quickly than ever before or since. A preference for lower density suburban housing, typically [[semi-detached]], by Londoners seeking a more "rural" lifestyle, superseded Londoners' old predilection for [[terraced house]]s. This was facilitated not only by a continuing expansion of the rail network, including trams and the Underground, but also by slowly widening car ownership. London's suburbs expanded outside the boundaries of the County of London, into the neighbouring counties of [[Essex]], [[Hertfordshire]], [[Kent]], [[Middlesex]], and [[Surrey]].

Like the rest of the country, London suffered severe unemployment during the [[Great Depression]] of the 1930s. In the [[East End of London|East End]] during the 1930s, politically extreme parties of both right and left flourished. The [[Communist Party of Great Britain]] and the [[British Union of Fascists]] both gained serious support. Clashes between right and left culminated in the [[Battle of Cable Street]] in 1936. The population of London reached an all-time peak of 8.6&nbsp;million in 1939.

Large numbers of Jewish immigrants fleeing from [[Nazi Germany]] settled in London during the 1930s, mostly in the [[East End of London|East End]].

The [[Labour Party (UK)|Labour Party]] politician [[Herbert Morrison]] was a dominant figure in local government in the 1920s and 1930s. He became mayor of Hackney and a member of the London County Council in 1922, and for a while was Minister of Transport in Ramsay MacDonald's cabinet. When Labour gained power in London in 1934, Morrison unified the bus, tram and trolleybus services with the Underground, by the creation of the [[London Passenger Transport Board]] (known as London Transport) in 1933., He led the effort to finance and build the new [[Waterloo Bridge]]. He designed the [[Metropolitan Green Belt]] around the suburbs and worked to clear slums, build schools, and reform public assistance.<ref>George W. Jones and Bernard Donoughue, ''Herbert Morrison: Portrait of a Politician'' (1973) pp. 189–210.</ref>

====In World War II====
{{main|London in World War II|The Blitz}}
[[File:Blitzaftermath.jpg|thumb|250px|Firefighters putting out flames after an air raid during [[The Blitz]], 1941]]

During [[World War II]], London, as many other British cities, suffered severe damage, being bombed extensively by the ''[[Luftwaffe]]'' as a part of [[the Blitz]]. Prior to the bombing, hundreds of thousands of children in London were evacuated to the countryside to avoid the bombing. Civilians took shelter from the air raids in underground stations.

The heaviest bombing took place during [[The Blitz]] between 7 September 1940 and 10 May 1941. During this period, London was subjected to 71 separate raids receiving over 18,000 tonnes of high explosive. One raid in December 1940, which became known as the [[Second Great Fire of London]], saw a [[firestorm]] engulf much of the [[City of London]] and destroy many historic buildings. [[St Paul's Cathedral]], however, remained unscathed; a photograph showing the cathedral shrouded in smoke became a famous image of the war.<ref>Maureen Hill, ''The Blitz''. Marks and Spencer, 2002</ref>

Having failed to defeat Britain, [[Adolf Hitler]], the [[dictator]] of [[Nazi Germany]], turned his attention to the [[Eastern Front (World War II)|Eastern front]] and regular bombing raids ceased. They began again, but on a smaller scale with the "[[Operation Steinbock|Little Blitz]]" in early 1944. Towards the end of the war, during 1944/45 London again came under heavy attack by pilotless [[V-1 flying bomb]]s and [[V-2 rocket]]s, which were fired from Nazi occupied Europe. These attacks only came to an end when their launch sites were captured by advancing Allied forces.

London suffered severe damage and heavy casualties, the worst hit part being the [[Port of London|Docklands]] area. By the war's end, just under 30,000 Londoners had been killed by the bombing, and over 50,000 seriously injured,<ref>[http://myweb.tiscali.co.uk/homefront/arp/arp4.html Air Raid Precautions] homefront website</ref> tens of thousands of buildings were destroyed, and hundreds of thousands of people were made homeless.<ref>Amy Helen Bell, ''London was ours: Diaries and memoirs of the London Blitz'' (IB Tauris, 2011)</ref>

====1945–2000====
<!--This section is linked from [[Modern London (from 1945)]]-->
{{Anchor|London 1945–2000}}
[[File:London , Piccadilly Circus looking up Shaftsbury Ave , circa 1949 ,Kodachrome by Chalmers Butterfield.jpg|thumb|250px|[[Shaftesbury Avenue]], {{Circa|1949}}]]
Three years after the war, the [[1948 Summer Olympics]] were held at the original [[Wembley Stadium (1923)|Wembley Stadium]], at a time when the city had barely recovered from the war. London's rebuilding was slow to begin. However, in 1951 the [[Festival of Britain]] was held, which marked an increasing mood of optimism and forward looking.

In the immediate postwar years housing was a major issue in London, due to the large amount of housing which had been destroyed in the war. The authorities decided upon high-rise [[tower block|blocks of flats]] as the answer to housing shortages. During the 1950s and 1960s the skyline of London altered dramatically as tower blocks were erected, although these later proved unpopular. In a bid to reduce the number of people living in overcrowded housing, a policy was introduced of encouraging people to move into newly built [[New town#United Kingdom|new towns]] surrounding London.<ref>Richard Quentin Donald Hornsey, ''The Spiv and the Architect: Unruly Life in Postwar London'' (U of Minnesota Press, 2010).</ref> Living standards also rose, with real earnings rising by approximately 70% in the 20 years after the end of the war.<ref>London The Biography by Peter Ackroyd, P.758</ref>

Through the 19th and in the early half of the 20th century, Londoners used coal for heating their homes, which produced large amounts of smoke. In combination with climatic conditions this often caused a characteristic smog, and London became known for its typical "London Fog", also known as "Pea Soupers". London was sometimes referred to as "The Smoke" because of this. In 1952, this culminated in the disastrous [[Great Smog of 1952]] which lasted for five days and killed between 10,000 to 12,000 people (according to modern estimates; government estimates at the time put the death toll at 4,000).<ref name="EHP_112_1">{{cite journal |author1= Bell, M.L. |author2=Davis, D.L. |author3=Fletcher, T. |date=2004 | title = A Retrospective Assessment of Mortality from the London Smog Episode of 1952: The Role of Influenza and Pollution | journal=[[Environmental Health Perspectives|Environ Health Perspect]] | volume = 112 | issue = 1; January | pages = 6–8 | doi = 10.1289/ehp.6539 | pmid=14698923 | pmc=1241789}}</ref> In response to this, the [[Clean Air Act 1956]] was passed, mandating the creating of "smokeless zones" where the use of "smokeless" fuels was required (this was at a time when most households still used open fires); the Act was effective.<ref>Devra L. Davis, "A look back at the London smog of 1952 and the half century since". ''Environmental health perspectives'' 110.12 (2002): A734.</ref>

[[File:Londons Carnaby Street, 1966.jpg|thumb|250px|Young people in [[Carnaby Street]] in 1966]]
Starting in the mid-1960s, and partly as a result of the success of such musicians as [[the Beatles]] and [[the Rolling Stones]], London became a centre for the worldwide [[youth culture]], exemplified by the [[Swinging London]] subculture which made [[Carnaby Street]] a household name of youth fashion around the world. London's role as a trendsetter for youth fashion continued strongly in the 1980s during the [[New wave music|new wave]] and [[Punk rock|punk]] eras and into the mid-1990s with the emergence of the [[Britpop]] era.

From the 1950s onwards London experienced an increase in immigration, largely from [[Commonwealth of Nations|Commonwealth]] countries such as [[Jamaica]], [[India]], [[Bangladesh]] and [[Pakistan]]. However, the integration of the new immigrants was not always easy. Racial tensions emerged in events such as the [[1981 Brixton riot|Brixton Riots]] between 10 and 12 April 1981 in the early 1980s.<ref>Matt Cook, "'Gay Times': Identity, Locality, Memory, and the Brixton Squats in 1970's London". ''Twentieth Century British History'' (2013) 24#1 pp: 84–109.</ref>

From the beginning of "[[The Troubles]]" in [[Northern Ireland]] in the early 1970s until the mid-1990s, London was subjected to repeated [[List of terrorist incidents in London|terrorist attacks]] by the [[Provisional IRA]].

The outward expansion of London was slowed by the war, and the introduction of the [[Metropolitan Green Belt]]. Due to this outward expansion, in 1965 the old [[County of London]] (which by now only covered part of the London conurbation) and the [[London County Council]] were abolished, and the much larger area of [[Greater London]] was established with a new [[Greater London Council]] (GLC) to administer it, along with 32 new [[London borough]]s.

Greater London's population declined steadily in the decades after World War II, from an estimated peak of 8.6&nbsp;million in 1939 to around 6.8&nbsp;million in the 1980s. However, it then began to increase again in the late 1980s, encouraged by strong economic performance and an increasingly positive image.

London's traditional status as a major port declined dramatically in the post-war decades as the old [[London Docklands|Docklands]] could not accommodate large modern container ships. The principal ports for London moved downstream to the ports of [[Port of Felixstowe|Felixstowe]] and [[Port of Tilbury|Tilbury]]. The docklands area had become largely derelict by the 1980s, but was redeveloped into flats and offices from the mid-1980s onwards. The [[Thames Barrier]] was completed in the 1980s to protect London against tidal surges from the [[North Sea]].

In the early 1980s political disputes between the GLC run by [[Ken Livingstone]] and the [[Conservative Party (UK)|Conservative Party]] government of [[Margaret Thatcher]] led to the GLC's abolition in 1986, with most of its powers relegated to the [[London borough]]s. This left London as the only large metropolis in the world without a central administration.

In 2000, London-wide government was restored, with the creation of the [[Greater London Authority]] (GLA) by [[Tony Blair]]'s government, covering the same area of Greater London. The new authority had similar powers to the old GLC, but was made up of a directly elected [[Mayor of London|Mayor]] and a [[London Assembly]]. The first election took place on 4 May, with [[Ken Livingstone]] comfortably regaining his previous post, becoming first elected mayor of London.<ref>{{cite news |title=Official: Livingstone wins |url=https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2000/may/05/londonmayor.london2 |work=The Guardian |date=5 May 2000}}</ref> London was recognised as one of the nine [[regions of England]]. In global perspective, it was emerging as a [[World city]] widely compared to [[New York City]] and [[Tokyo]].<ref>Greg Clark, ''The Making of a World City: London 1991 to 2021'' (John Wiley & Sons, 2014)</ref>

===21st century===
[[File:Skyscrapper Shard London.jpg|thumb|upright=1.6|[[The Shard]] (left), an icon of 21st-century London]]

Around the start of the 21st century, London hosted the much-derided [[Millennium Dome]] at [[Greenwich]], to mark the new century.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Moore |first1=Rowan |title=The Millennium Dome 20 years on… revisiting a very British fiasco |url=https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2019/dec/01/millennium-dome-20-years-on-new-labour |work=The Guardian |date=1 December 2019}}</ref> Other Millennium projects were more successful. One was the largest observation wheel in the world, the "Millennium Wheel", or the [[London Eye]], which was erected as a temporary structure, but soon became a fixture, and draws four million visitors a year.<ref>{{cite web |title=A Complete Guide to London Eye {{!}} History, Architecture & More |url=https://www.london-tickets.co.uk/london-eye-information/ |website=www.london-tickets.co.uk}}</ref> The [[National Lottery (United Kingdom)|National Lottery]] also released a flood of funds for major enhancements to existing attractions, for example the roofing of the Great Court at the [[British Museum]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Everything you ever wanted to know about the Great Court |url=https://www.britishmuseum.org/blog/everything-you-ever-wanted-know-about-great-court |website=The British Museum |language=en}}</ref>

The [[London Plan]], published by the [[Mayor of London]] in 2004, estimated that the population would reach 8.1&nbsp;million by 2016, and continue to rise thereafter. This was reflected in a move towards denser, more urban styles of building, including a greatly increased number of [[Tall buildings in London|tall buildings]], and proposals for major enhancements to the public transport network. However, funding for projects such as [[Crossrail]] remained a struggle.<ref>{{cite web |title=London Plan |url=https://www.london.gov.uk/sites/default/files/the_london_plan_2004.pdf |website=Mayor of London}}</ref>

On 6 July 2005 London won [[London 2012 Olympic bid|the right to host the 2012 Olympics and Paralympics]], making it the first city to host the modern games three times.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Oliver |first1=Mark |title=London wins 2012 Olympics |url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2005/jul/06/olympics2012.olympicgames1 |work=The Guardian |date=6 July 2005}}</ref> However, celebrations were cut short the following day when the city was rocked by [[7 July 2005 London bombings|a series of terrorist attacks]]. More than 50 were killed and 750 injured in three bombings on [[London Underground]] trains and a fourth on a double decker bus near King's Cross.<ref>{{cite news |title=7 July London bombings: What happened that day? |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-33253598 |work=BBC News |date=3 July 2015}}</ref>

London was the starting point for [[2011 England riots|countrywide riots]] which occurred in August 2011, when thousands of people rioted in several city boroughs and in towns across England. They were the biggest riots in modern English history.<ref>{{cite web |title=How the 2011 London riots unfolded |url=https://www.theweek.co.uk/news/society/953705/how-the-2011-london-riots-unfolded |website=The Week UK |date=4 August 2021 |language=en}}</ref> In 2011, the population grew over 8 million people for the first time in decades. [[White British]] formed less than half of the population for [[Ethnic groups in London#2011 Census|the first time]].<ref>{{cite web |title=London and its Boroughs: Census Profile |url=https://migrationobservatory.ox.ac.uk/resources/briefings/london-census-profile/ |website=Migration Observatory |language=en}}</ref>

There was some ambivalence among the public leading up to the [[2012 Summer Olympics]] in the city,<ref>[http://travel.nytimes.com/2012/04/29/travel/a-profile-of-london-by-aa-gill.html My London, and Welcome to It] 27 April 2012</ref> though public sentiment changed strongly in their favour following a successful opening ceremony and when the anticipated organisational and transport problems never occurred.<ref>{{cite web |title=London 2012 |url=https://olympics.com/ioc/news/london-2012-a-spectacular-show-of-equality-growth-and-innovation |website=Olympics.com}}</ref>

[[Boris Johnson]], later [[Prime Minister of the United Kingdom|Prime Minister]], was elected Mayor of London in [[2008 London mayoral election|May 2008]] and re-elected in [[2012 London mayoral election|2012]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Walker |first1=Peter |title=Was Boris Johnson as successful as London mayor as he claims? |url=https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2019/jun/12/was-boris-johnson-as-successful-as-london-mayor-as-he-claims |work=The Guardian |date=12 June 2019}}</ref> He was succeeded by [[Sadiq Khan]], the first [[Muslims|Muslim]] mayor of a major Western capital city, who was elected in [[2016 London mayoral election|2016]], was re-elected in [[2021 London mayoral election|2021]],<ref>{{cite news |title=London elections: Sadiq Khan wins second term as mayor |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-london-56997137 |work=BBC News |date=8 May 2021}}</ref> and won a historic third term in [[2024 London mayoral election|2024]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Badshah |first1=Nadeem |last2=Sedghi |first2=Amy |last3=Mackay |first3=Hamish |last4=Abdul |first4=Geneva |last5=Sedghi |first5=Nadeem Badshah (now) Amy |last6=Abdul (earlier) |first6=Geneva |title=Sadiq Khan wins historic third term as London mayor after Andy Burnham takes Manchester – live |url=https://www.theguardian.com/politics/live/2024/may/04/local-election-results-london-mayor-sadiq-khan-susan-hall-west-midlands-greater-manchester |work=the Guardian |date=4 May 2024}}</ref>

In the [[2016 United Kingdom European Union membership referendum]],  London was the only region in England, where Remain won the highest share of the vote. The voter turnout was the highest in London since the 1950 general election.<ref>{{cite news |title=EU referendum: Most London boroughs vote to remain |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-politics-eu-referendum-36612916 |work=BBC News |date=24 June 2016}}</ref> However, Britain’s exit from the European Union (EU) in early 2021 ([[Brexit]]) only marginally weakened London’s position as an international financial center (IFC).<ref>{{cite web |title=London as a Financial Center Since Brexit: Evidence from the 2022 BIS Triennial Survey {{!}} Global Development Policy Center |url=https://www.bu.edu/gdp/2022/12/16/london-as-a-financial-center-since-brexit-evidence-from-the-2022-bis-triennial-survey/ |website=www.bu.edu}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=London Mayor Khan demands more autonomy after Brexit vote |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/uk-britain-eu-london-khan-idUKKCN0ZE10P |work=Reuters |date=28 June 2016 |language=en}}</ref>

In 2022, the [[Elizabeth line]] railway opened, connecting [[Heathrow Airport|Heathrow]] and [[Reading, Berkshire|Reading]] to [[Shenfield]] and [[Abbey Wood]] through a tunnel in the city between [[Paddington]] and [[Liverpool Street station|Liverpool Street]], revolutionising east-west travel in London.<ref>{{cite web |title=Direct Elizabeth line services into central London from Reading, Heathrow, and Shenfield start today - Crossrail |url=https://www.crossrail.co.uk/news/articles/direct-elizabeth-line-services-into-central-london-from-reading-heathrow-and-shenfield-start-today |date=28 December 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221228172235/https://www.crossrail.co.uk/news/articles/direct-elizabeth-line-services-into-central-london-from-reading-heathrow-and-shenfield-start-today |archive-date=28 December 2022 }}</ref>

On 6 May 2023, [[Coronation of Charles III and Camilla|the coronation]] of [[Charles III|King Charles III]] and [[Queen Camilla]] as King and Queen of the United Kingdom and the other [[Commonwealth realm|Commonwealth realms]] took place at [[Westminster Abbey]].<ref>{{cite web |title=The Coronation Weekend |url=https://www.royal.uk/coronation-weekend |website=Royal.uk}}</ref>

As of 9 May 2023, London had received around 18,000 refugees from [[Ukraine]], because of the [[Russian invasion of Ukraine|2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Ukrainian migration to the UK |url=https://migrationobservatory.ox.ac.uk/resources/briefings/ukrainian-migration-to-the-uk/ |website=Migration Observatory |language=en}}</ref>

===Population===
[[File:Ve Day Celebrations in London, England, UK, 8 May 1945 D24588.jpg|thumb|People gathered in [[Whitehall]] to hear [[Winston Churchill]]'s victory speech, 8 May 1945.]]
{|class="wikitable"
! Year !! colspan="2"|Population<ref>http://www.londononline.co.uk/factfile/historical/ population list on London online</ref><ref>http://www.demographia.com/dm-lon31.htm population list on demographia.com</ref><ref name="google">{{cite book|title=The Birds of London|author=Self, A.|date=2014|publisher=Bloomsbury USA|isbn=9781408194041|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SJ5gAgAAQBAJ|page=8|access-date=13 June 2015}}</ref><ref name="thefinertimes">{{cite web|url=http://www.thefinertimes.com/Middle-Ages/cities-in-the-middle-ages.html|title=Major Cities in the Middle Ages &#124; Middle Ages|date=29 May 2012 |publisher=thefinertimes.com|access-date=13 June 2015}}</ref><ref name="google2">{{cite book|title=Urban World History: An Economic and Geographical Perspective|author=Tellier, L.N.|date=2009|publisher=Presses de l'Universite du Quebec|isbn=9782760522091|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cXuCjDbxC1YC|page=200|access-date=13 June 2015}}</ref><ref name="google3">{{cite book|title=Chapters from The Agrarian History of England and Wales: Volume 4, Agricultural Markets and Trade, 1500-1750|author1=Thirsk, J.|author2=Chartres, J.|date=1990|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=9780521368810|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lK27NC99OmsC|page=6|access-date=13 June 2015}}</ref><ref name="demographia">{{cite web|url=http://www.demographia.com/dm-lon31.htm|title=Greater London, Inner London Population & Density History|publisher=demographia.com|access-date=13 June 2015}}</ref>
|-
|   1 || 1–A few farmers ||
|-
|   50 || 50–{{bartable|      100||0.00005}}
|-
|  140 || 45–{{bartable|   60,000||0.00005}}
|-
|  300 || 10–{{bartable|   20,000||0.00005}}
|-
| 800 ||  10–{{bartable|   12,000||0.00005}}
|-
| 1000 ||  20–{{bartable|   25,000||0.00005}}
|-
| 1100 || 10–{{bartable|   20,000||0.00005}}
|-
| 1200 || 20–{{bartable|   25,000||0.00005}}
|-
| 1300 || 80–{{bartable|   100,000||0.00005}}
|-
| 1350 || 25–{{bartable|   50,000||0.00005}}
|-
| 1500 || 50–{{bartable|  100,000||0.00005}}
|-
| 1550 ||   {{bartable|  120,000||0.00005}}
|-
| 1600 ||    {{bartable|  200,000||0.00005}}
|-
| 1650 || 350,000–{{bartable|  400,000||0.00005}}
|-
| 1700 || 550,000–{{bartable|  600,000||0.00005}}
|-
| 1750 ||    {{bartable|  700,000||0.00005}}
|-
| 1801 ||    {{bartable|  959,300||0.00005}}
|-
| 1831 ||    {{bartable|1,655,000||0.00005}}
|-
| 1851 ||    {{bartable|2,363,000||0.00005}}
|-
| 1891 ||    {{bartable|5,572,012||0.00005}}
|-
| 1901 ||    {{bartable|6,506,954||0.00005}}
|-
| 1911 ||    {{bartable|7,160,525||0.00005}}
|-
| 1921 ||    {{bartable|7,386,848||0.00005}}
|-
| 1931 ||    {{bartable|8,110,480||0.00005}}
|-
| 1939 ||    {{bartable|8,615,245||0.00005}}
|-
| 1951 ||    {{bartable|8,196,978||0.00005}}
|-
| 1961 ||    {{bartable|7,992,616||0.00005}}
|-
| 1971 ||    {{bartable|7,452,520||0.00005}}
|-
| 1981 ||    {{bartable|6,805,000||0.00005}}
|-
| 1991 ||    {{bartable|6,829,300||0.00005}}
|-
| 2001 ||    {{bartable|7,322,400||0.00005}}
|-
| 2006 ||    {{bartable|7,657,300||0.00005}}
|-
| 2011 ||    {{bartable|8,174,100||0.00005}}
|-
| 2015 ||    {{bartable|8,615,246||0.00005}}
|}