Editing History of Angola (section)

==Post-independence==
{{Main|2000s in Angola|Angolagate|Second Congo War}}
A Russian freighter delivered 500 tons of Ukrainian 7.62&nbsp;mm ammunition to Simportex, a division of the Angolan government, with the help of a shipping agent in London on 21 September 2000. The ship's captain declared his cargo "fragile" to minimize inspection.<ref name="cargo">{{Cite web |year=2001 |title=The Oil Diagnostic in Angola: An Update |url=https://www.hrw.org/backgrounder/africa/angola/index-05.htm |access-date=2007-09-20 |publisher=Human Rights Watch |language=en}}</ref> The next day, the MPLA began attacking UNITA, winning victories in several battles from 22 to 25 September. The government gained control over military bases and diamond mines<ref>{{Cite web |title=List of Goods Produced by Child Labor or Forced Labor |url=http://www.dol.gov/ilab/reports/child-labor/list-of-goods/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170711191200/https://www.dol.gov/ilab/reports/child-labor/list-of-goods/ |archive-date=2017-07-11 |access-date=2017-07-10 |website=United States Department of Labor  |language=en}}</ref> in [[Lunda Norte]] and [[Lunda Sul]], hurting Savimbi's ability to pay his troops.<ref name="safricainvasion">{{Cite book |last1=Stearns |first1=Peter N. |title=The Encyclopedia of World History: Ancient, Medieval, and Modern, Chronologically Arranged |last2=Langer |first2=William Leonard |publisher=Houghton Mifflin |year=2001 |location=Boston |page=1065}}</ref>

Angola agreed to trade oil to Slovakia in return for arms, buying six [[Sukhoi Su-17]] [[attack aircraft]] on 3 April 2000. The Spanish government in the [[Canary Islands]] prevented a Ukrainian freighter from delivering 636 tons of military equipment to Angola on 24 February 2001. The captain of the ship had inaccurately reported his cargo, falsely claiming the ship carried automobile parts. The Angolan government admitted Simportex had purchased arms from [[Rosoboronexport|Rosvooruzhenie]], the Russian state-owned arms company, and acknowledged the captain might have violated Spanish law by misreporting his cargo, a common practice in arms smuggling to Angola.<ref name="cargo" />

Government troops captured and destroyed UNITA's Epongoloko base in Benguela province and Mufumbo base in Cuanza Sul in October 2001.<ref name="octoberbases">{{harvp|Martin|2004|page=166}}</ref> The Slovak government sold fighter jets to the Angolan government in 2001 in violation of the [[European Union]] Code of Conduct on Arms Exports.<ref name="slovaksale">{{Cite news |date=10 February 2004 |title=NATO/EU: Reform Slovakia's Arms Trade |language=en |publisher=Human Rights Watch |url=http://hrw.org/english/docs/2004/02/10/slovak7279.htm |url-status=dead |access-date=2007-09-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081216134946/https://www.hrw.org/legacy/english/docs/2004/02/10/slovak7279.htm |archive-date=2008-12-16}}</ref>

Government troops killed Savimbi on 22 February 2002, in Moxico province.<ref name="savdeath">{{Cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/rethinkingeconom00cynt |title=Rethinking the Economics of War: The Intersection of Need, Creed, and Greed |date=2005 |publisher=Woodrow Wilson Center Press |editor-last=Arnson |editor-first=Cynthia J. |location=Washington, DC |page=[https://archive.org/details/rethinkingeconom00cynt/page/120 120] |language=en |editor-last2=Zartman |editor-first2=I. William |url-access=registration}}</ref> UNITA Vice President [[António Dembo]] took over, but died from diabetes twelve days later on 3 March, and Secretary-General [[Paulo Lukamba Gato]] became UNITA's leader.<ref name="interview">{{Cite interview |last=Gato |first=Paulo Lukamba |interviewer=Charles Zorgbibe |title=Angola in Peace |url=http://www.african-geopolitics.org/show.aspx?ArticleId=3583 |access-date=2007-09-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927174722/http://www.african-geopolitics.org/show.aspx?ArticleId=3583 |archive-date=2007-09-27 |publisher=African Geopolitics |date=2003 |url-status=dead}}</ref> After Savimbi's death, the government came to a crossroads over how to proceed. After initially indicating the counter-insurgency might continue, the government announced it would halt all [[military operation]]s on 13 March. Military commanders for UNITA and the MPLA met in [[Cassamba]] and agreed to a cease-fire. However, Carlos Morgado, UNITA's spokesman in Portugal, said that the UNITA's Portugal wing had been under the impression General Kamorteiro, the UNITA general who agreed to the ceasefire, had been captured more than a week earlier. Morgado did say that he had not heard from Angola since Savimbi's death. The military commanders signed a Memorandum of Understanding as an addendum to the [[Lusaka Protocol]] in [[Luena, Moxico Province|Luena]] on 4 April, Dos Santos and Lukamba Gato observing.<ref name="endofwar">{{Cite book |title=Grasping the Nettle: Analyzing Cases of Intractable Conflict |date=2005 |publisher=United States Institute of Peace |editor-last=Crocker |editor-first=Chester A. |location=Washington, DC |pages=224 |editor-last2=Hampson |editor-first2=Fen Osler |editor-last3=Aall |editor-first3=Pamela R.}}</ref><ref name="morgado">{{Cite news |date=16 March 2002 |title=Angolan Military Meets Unita Rebels |language=en |work=BBC News |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/1875723.stm |access-date=2007-09-28}}</ref>

The [[United Nations Security Council]] passed [[United Nations Security Council Resolution 1404|Resolution 1404]] on 18 April, extending the monitoring mechanism of sanctions by six months. [[United Nations Security Council Resolution 1412|Resolutions 1412]] and [[United Nations Security Council Resolution 1432|1432]], passed on 17 May and 15 August respectively, suspended the UN travel ban on UNITA officials for 90 days each, finally abolishing the ban through [[United Nations Security Council Resolution 1439|Resolution 1439]] on 18 October. UNAVEM III, extended an additional two months by Resolution 1439, ended on 19 December.<ref name="unres">{{Cite web |title=Security Council Resolutions Concerning the Situation in Angola Pursuant to Resolution 864 (1993) |url=https://www.un.org/Docs/sc/committees/Angola/AngolaResEng.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070810172623/http://www.un.org/Docs/sc/committees/Angola/AngolaResEng.htm |archive-date=2007-08-10 |access-date=2007-09-28 |publisher=United Nations |language=en}}</ref>

In August 2002, UNITA declared itself a political party and officially demobilised its armed forces.<ref name="polonly">{{Cite web |year=2005 |title=Polity IV Country Report 2005: Angola |url=http://members.aol.com/CSPmgm/Angola2005.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070926093711/http://members.aol.com/CSPmgm/Angola2005.pdf |archive-date=2007-09-26 |publisher=Center for Systematic Peace |page=3 |language=en}}</ref> That same month, the United Nations Security Council replaced the United Nations Office in Angola with the United Nations Mission in Angola, a larger, non-military, political presence.<ref name="legacy">{{Cite book |title=Ending Africa's Wars: Progressing to Peace |publisher=Ashgate |year=2006 |editor-last=Furley |editor-first=Oliver |location=Aldershot, Hampshire |page=147 |editor-last2=May |editor-first2=Roy}}</ref>

The civil war produced four million internally displaced persons (IDPs), one third of Angola's population. The government spent $187 million settling IDPs between 4 April 2002 and 2004, after which the [[World Bank]] gave $33 million to continue the settling process. Militant forces laid approximately 15 million [[landmine]]s by 2002.<ref name="legacy" /> The [[HALO Trust]] charity began demining in 1994, destroying 30,000 by July 2007. There are 1,100 Angolans and seven foreign workers who are working for HALO Trust in Angola, with operations expected to finish sometime between 2011 and 2014.<ref name="halo">{{Cite news |last=Bobb |first=Scott |date=24 July 2007 |title=Work Intensifies to Clear Angola's Landmines |language=en |work=Voice of America News |url=http://www.voanews.com/english/2007-07-24-voa17.cfm |url-status=dead |access-date=2007-09-28 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20071114094945/http://www.voanews.com/english/2007-07-24-voa17.cfm |archive-date=2007-11-14}}</ref>

[[Human Rights Watch]] estimates UNITA and the government employed more than 86,000 and 3,000 [[child soldier]]s respectively, some forcibly impressed, during the war. Human rights analysts found 5,000 to 8,000 underage girls married to UNITA militants. Some girls were ordered to go and forage for food to provide for the troops. If the girls did not bring back enough food as judged by their commander, then the girls would not eat. After victories, UNITA commanders would be rewarded with women who were often then sexually abused. The government and UN agencies identified 190 child soldiers in the Angolan army and relocated seventy of them by November 2002, but the government continued to knowingly employ other underage soldiers.<ref name="childsoldiers">{{Cite report |chapter-url=https://www.hrw.org/reports/2003/angola0403/Angola0403-03.htm |title=Forgotten Fighters: Child Soldiers in Angola |date=2003 |publisher=Human Rights Watch |volume=15, No. 10 (A) |language=en |chapter=IV. Use of Children in the War Since 1998}}</ref>

[[Fernando Vendrell]] produced and [[Zézé Gamboa]] directed ''[[The Hero (2004 film)|The Hero]]'', a film about the life of average Angolans after the civil war, in 2004. The film follows the lives of three individuals; Vitório, a [[war veteran]] crippled by a landmine who returns to Luanda, Manu, a young boy searching for his soldier father, and Joana, a teacher who mentors the boy and begins a love affair with Vitório. ''The Hero'' won the 2005 [[Sundance Film Festival|Sundance]] World Dramatic Cinema Jury Grand Prize. A joint Angolan, Portuguese, and French production, Gamboa filmed ''The Hero'' entirely in Angola.<ref name="award">{{Cite web |last=Unknown |year=2005 |title=The Hero |url=http://www.newsreel.org/nav/title.asp?tc=CN0173 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080111040440/http://www.newsreel.org/nav/title.asp?tc=CN0173 |archive-date=2008-01-11 |access-date=2007-09-07 |publisher=California Newsreel |language=en}}</ref>

[[José Eduardo dos Santos]] stepped down as President of Angola after 38 years in 2017, being peacefully succeeded by [[João Lourenço]], Santos' chosen successor.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Cascais |first=Antonio |date=2017-09-26 |title=Who Is Angola's New President Joao Lourenco? |language=en |work=Deutsche Welle |url=https://www.dw.com/en/who-is-angolas-new-president-joao-lourenco/a-40218458 |access-date=2021-03-03}}</ref> However, President João Lourenço started a campaign against corruption of the dos Santos era.<ref>{{cite web |title=Angola: Is Lourenço using his anti-corruption fight to settle scores? |url=https://www.theafricareport.com/87503/angola-is-lourenco-using-anti-corruption-fight-to-settle-scores/ |website=The Africa Report.com |date=12 May 2021}}</ref> In November 2017, [[Isabel dos Santos]], the billionaire daughter of former President José Eduardo dos Santos, was fired from her position as head of the country's state oil company [[Sonangol Group|Sonangol]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Isabel Dos Santos sacked from Angola state oil firm |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-42003016 |work=BBC News |date=15 November 2017}}</ref>  In August 2020, [[José Filomeno dos Santos]], son of Angola's former president, was sentenced for five years in jail for fraud and corruption.<ref>{{cite news |title=José Filomeno dos Santos: Son of Angola's ex-leader jailed for five years |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-53774288 |work=BBC News |date=14 August 2020}}</ref>

In July 2022, ex-president José Eduardo dos Santos died in Spain.<ref>{{cite news |title=José Eduardo dos Santos: State funeral for Angola ex-president |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-62705492 |work=BBC News |date=28 August 2022}}</ref>

In August 2022, the ruling party, MPLA, won another outright majority and President Joao Lourenco won a second five-year term in the [[2022 Angolan general election|election]]. However, the election was the tightest in Angola's history.<ref>{{cite news |title=Angola's MPLA ruling party wins elections and presidency |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2022/8/29/angola-ruling-party-wins-vote-and-president-a-second-term |work=www.aljazeera.com |language=en}}</ref>