Editing Hindustani language (section)

==Names==
[[Amir Khusro]] {{circa|1300}} referred to this language of his writings as ''Dehlavi'' ({{lang|inc-Deva|देहलवी}} / {{lang|inc-Aran|{{nq|دہلوی}}}}, 'of Delhi') or ''Hindavi'' ({{lang|inc-Deva|हिन्दवी}} / {{lang|inc-Aran|{{nq|ہندوی}}}}). During this period, Hindustani was used by [[Sufis]] in promulgating their message across the [[Indian subcontinent]].{{citation needed|date=January 2023}} After the advent of the [[Mughal Empire|Mughals]] in the subcontinent, Hindustani acquired more Persian loanwords. ''[[Rekhta]]'' ('mixture'), ''Hindi'' ('Indian'), Hindustani, Hindvi, [[Lahori]], and [[Dakni]] (amongst others) became popular names for the same language until the 18th century.<ref name="mcgregor_912"/><ref name="faruqi_806">{{citation|last=Faruqi|first=Shamsur Rahman|title=Literary cultures in history: reconstructions from South Asia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xowUxYhv0QgC&q=0520228219&pg=PA806|page=806|year=2003|publisher=University of California Press |editor-last=Pollock|contribution=A Long History of Urdu Literarature, Part 1|isbn=978-0-520-22821-4}}</ref> The name ''Urdu'' (from ''Zabān-i-Ordu'', or ''Orda'') appeared around 1780.<ref name="faruqi_806" /> It is believed to have been coined by the poet [[Mashafi]].<ref>Garcia, Maria Isabel Maldonado. 2011. "The Urdu language reforms." ''[[Studies (journal)|Studies]]'' 26(97).</ref> In local literature and speech, it was also known as the ''Lashkari Zabān'' (military language) or ''Lashkari''.<ref>{{cite book|author=Alyssa Ayres|url=https://archive.org/details/speakinglikestat00ayre|title=Speaking Like a State: Language and Nationalism in Pakistan|date=23 July 2009|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|isbn=9780521519311|page=[https://archive.org/details/speakinglikestat00ayre/page/n32 19]|url-access=registration}}</ref> Mashafi was the first person to simply modify the name ''Zabān-i-Ordu'' to ''[[Urdu]]''.<ref>{{cite book|title=Marathwada Under the Nizams|author=P.V.Kate|page=136|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=tjndiykddsIC&q=Ghulam+Hamdani+Mushafi&pg=PA136|isbn=9788170990178|year=1987|publisher=Mittal Publications }}</ref>

During the [[British Raj]], the term ''Hindustani'' was used by British officials.<ref name="faruqi_806"/> In 1796, [[John Borthwick Gilchrist]] published "A Grammar of the Hindoostanee Language".<ref name="faruqi_806"/><ref name="Gilchrist">{{Citation|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=_rwIAAAAQAAJ&q=hindoostanee+language| title = A Grammar of the Hindoostanee Language|publisher = Chronicle Press|access-date = 8 January 2007|year = 1796}}</ref> Upon [[partition of India|partition]], India and Pakistan established national standards that they called ''Hindi'' and ''Urdu,'' respectively, and attempted to make distinct, with the result that ''Hindustani'' commonly, but mistakenly, came to be seen as a "mixture" of Hindi and Urdu.

[[George Abraham Grierson|Grierson]], in his highly influential ''[[Linguistic Survey of India]]'', proposed that the names ''Hindustani, Urdu,'' and ''Hindi'' be separated in use for different varieties of the Hindustani language, rather than as the overlapping synonyms they frequently were:

{{blockquote|text=We may now define the three main varieties of Hindōstānī as follows:—Hindōstānī is primarily the language of the Upper Gangetic Doab, and is also the ''lingua franca'' of India, capable of being written in both Persian and Dēva-nāgarī characters, and without purism, avoiding alike the excessive use of either Persian or Sanskrit words when employed for literature. The name 'Urdū' can then be confined to that special variety of Hindōstānī in which Persian words are of frequent occurrence, and which hence can only be written in the Persian character, and, similarly, 'Hindī' can be confined to the form of Hindōstānī in which Sanskrit words abound, and which hence can only be written in the Dēva-nāgarī character.<ref name="Grierson">Grierson, vol. 9–1, p. 47. ''We may now define the three main varieties of Hindōstānī as follows:—Hindōstānī is primarily the language of the Upper Gangetic Doab, and is also the ''lingua franca'' of India, capable of being written in both Persian and Dēva-nāgarī characters, and without purism, avoiding alike the excessive use of either Persian or Sanskrit words when employed for literature. The name 'Urdū' can then be confined to that special variety of Hindōstānī in which Persian words are of frequent occurrence, and which hence can only be written in the Persian character, and, similarly, 'Hindī' can be confined to the form of Hindōstānī in which Sanskrit words abound, and which hence can only be written in the Dēva-nāgarī character.''</ref>}}