Editing Hewing (section)

===Hewing===
Hewing is the last step in this whole process, which is also collectively referred to as hewing. Hewing is done on the logs sides with a [[broadaxe]]. Hewing occurs from the bottom of the stem upwards towards what was the top of the standing tree, reducing the tendency of the broken fibers to migrate inwards towards the eventual beam.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/environment/fspubs/99232823/page23.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040826143041/http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/environment/fspubs/99232823/page23.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=August 26, 2004 |title=An Ax to Grind: A Practical Ax Manual, 9923-2823-MTDC, About the Author |publisher=Fhwa.dot.gov |access-date=2011-11-14}}</ref>

It is widely published that an [[adze]] was used to hew the top surface of a log flat in the same manner as an axe is used on the sides of a log. However, physical evidence of looking at the marks left by the hewing tools in historic buildings, called [[Use-wear analysis|tracology]], are swung in an arc and thus made by an axe, not an adze.{{citation needed|date=February 2021}} Shipbuilders frequently used adzes in shaping ship timbers, the choice of tool being made by the position of the surface being hewn, the sides best hewn with an axe and the face best hewn with an adze. Historic illustrations do show some Asian carpenters hewing building timbers with an adze. Further smoothing can then be done using a [[hand plane]], [[drawknife]], [[Japanese plane|yariganna]] (an ancient Japanese cutting tool) or any other established or improvised means.

Some 19th-century timber buildings in the U.S. have hewn long timbers in the same framing with vertically sawn and the later technology of circular sawn timbers. The reason for this is the long timbers were easier to hew with an axe than to take to a sawmill due to poor transportation routes.

Hewn railroad ties are known as [[axe ties]] and were made by a ''tiehacker''.<ref>Marples, Geoff. "The Tiehack", part 1.. ''British Columbia Forest History Newsletter''. No. 60. August 2000. Victoria, B. C., Forest History Association of British Columbia. p. 1-4. print.</ref>