Editing Henry Hudson (section)

=== Expedition of 1610–1611 ===
In 1610, Hudson obtained backing for another voyage, this time under the English flag. The funding came from the [[Virginia Company]] and the British [[East India Company]]. At the helm of his new ship, the {{ship||Discovery|1602 ship|2}}, he stayed to the north (some claim he had deliberately stayed too far south on his Dutch-funded voyage),{{citation needed|date=November 2024}} reached [[Iceland]] on 11&nbsp;May, the south of Greenland on 4&nbsp;June, and rounded the southern tip of Greenland.

On 25 June, the explorers reached what is now the [[Hudson Strait]] at the northern tip of [[Labrador]]. Following the southern coast of the strait on 2&nbsp;August, the ship entered [[Hudson Bay]]. Excitement was very high due to the expectation that the ship had finally found the [[Northwest Passage]] through the continent. Hudson spent the following months mapping and exploring its eastern shores, but he and his crew did not find a passage to Asia. In November, the ship became trapped in the ice in [[James Bay]], and the crew moved ashore for the winter.

==== Mutiny ====
When the ice cleared in the spring of 1611, Hudson planned to use his ''Discovery'' to further explore Hudson Bay with the continuing goal of discovering the Passage; however, most of the members of his crew ardently desired to return home. Matters came to a head and much of the crew mutinied in June. Descriptions of the successful mutiny are one-sided, because the only survivors who could tell their story were the mutineers and those who went along with the mutiny.

In the latter class was ship's navigator, [[Abacuk Pricket]], a survivor who kept a journal that was to become one of the sources for the narrative of the mutiny. According to Pricket, the leaders of the mutiny were Henry Greene and Robert Juet.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-06-06 |title=Henry Hudson: Definition & Discoveries |url=https://www.history.com/topics/exploration/henry-hudson |access-date=2024-04-23 |website=HISTORY |language=en}}</ref> The latter, a navigator, had accompanied Hudson on the 1609 expedition, and his account is said to be "the best contemporary record of the voyage".<ref name=norton>{{cite book |title=Norton Anthology of American Literature |edition=9th |volume=1 |pages=98–102 |isbn=978-0393935714 |publisher=Norton |location=London |year=2017 |editor1-first=Robert S.|editor1-last=Levine}}</ref> Pricket's narrative tells how the mutineers set Hudson, his teenage son John, and seven crewmen—men who were either sick and infirm or loyal to Hudson—adrift from the ''Discovery'' in a small [[shallop]], an open boat, effectively marooning them in Hudson Bay. The Pricket journal reports that the mutineers provided the castaways with clothing, powder and shot, some pikes, an iron pot, some food, and other miscellaneous items.  

==== Disappearance ====
[[File:Last Voyage Of Henry Hudson.jpg|thumb|upright=0.95|''[[The Last Voyage of Henry Hudson]]'', [[John Collier (painter)|John Collier]]'s 1881 painting of Hudson, his son, and loyal crew set adrift]]
After the mutiny, Hudson's shallop broke out oars and tried to keep pace with the ''Discovery'' for some time. Pricket recalled that the mutineers finally tired of the pursuit and unfurled additional sails aboard the ''Discovery'', enabling the larger vessel to leave the tiny open boat behind. Hudson and the other seven aboard the shallop were never seen by Europeans again. Despite subsequent searches, including those conducted by [[Thomas Button]] in 1612 and by [[Zachariah Gillam]] in 1668–1670, their fate is unknown.<ref>{{cite web|title=Thomas Button Searches for Remains of Henry Hudson|url=http://canadiancoinnews.com/thomas-button-searches-for-remains-of-henry-hudson/|publisher=Trajan Publishing Corporation|date=14 April 2015|access-date=28 March 2017|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170329051646/http://canadiancoinnews.com/thomas-button-searches-for-remains-of-henry-hudson/|archive-date=29 March 2017|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=The Aftermath of Hudson's Voyages and Related Notes|url=http://www.ianchadwick.com/hudson/hudson_05.htm|publisher=Ian Chadwick|date=19 January 2007|access-date=28 March 2017}}</ref>

====Pricket's reliability====
While Pricket's account is one of the few surviving records of the voyage, its reliability has been questioned by some historians. Pricket's journal and testimony have been severely criticized for bias, on two grounds. Firstly, prior to the mutiny the alleged leaders of the uprising, Greene and Juet, had been friends and loyal seamen of Hudson. Secondly, Greene and Juet did not survive the return voyage to England (Juet, who had been the navigator on the return journey, died of starvation a few days before the company reached Ireland<ref name=norton/>). Pricket knew he and the other survivors of the mutiny would be tried in England for [[piracy]], and it would have been in his interest, and the interest of the other survivors, to put together a narrative that would place the blame for the mutiny upon men who were no longer alive to defend themselves.

The Pricket narrative became the controlling story of the expedition's disastrous end. Only eight of the thirteen mutinous crewmen survived the return voyage to Europe. They were arrested in England, and some were put on trial, but no punishment was imposed for the mutiny. One theory holds that the survivors were considered too valuable as sources of information to execute, as they had travelled to the New World and could describe sailing routes and conditions.<ref>{{cite DCB|url=http://www.biographi.ca/en/bio/hudson_henry_1E.html |title=Hudson, Henry |volume=1 |first=L. H. |last=Neatby}}</ref>

====Later developments====
In 1612, [[Nicolas de Vignau]] claimed he saw wreckage of an English ship on the shores of [[James Bay]], located on the southern end of Hudson Bay—while this was discounted at the time by [[Samuel de Champlain]], historians believe it may have credence.<ref name=heinrich/>

British-born Canadian author [[Dorothy Harley Eber]] (1925–2022) collected [[Inuit]] testimonies that she thought made reference to Hudson and his son after the mutiny.{{citation needed|date=April 2025}} According to these, an old man with a long white beard and a young boy arrived in a small wooden boat. The Inuit had never seen a white person before, but they took them to an encampment and fed them. After the old man died, the Inuit tethered the boy to one of their houses so he would not run away. Despite the long time passed, the story might be given some credence after long-ignored Inuit testimonies proved reliable enough to lead to the discovery of the wrecks of the two ships of [[Franklin's lost expedition]] of 1845, {{HMS|Erebus|1826|6}} and {{HMS|Terror|1813|6}}, in the 2010s. [[Charles Francis Hall]], who searched for Franklin in the mid-19th century, also collected Inuit stories that he interpreted as references to the even earlier expedition of [[Martin Frobisher]], who explored the area and mined [[fool's gold]] in 1578.<ref name = "Roobol">Roobol, M.J. (2019) ''Franklin's Fate: An investigation into what happened to the lost 1845 expedition of Sir John Frankin.'' Conrad Press, 368 pp.</ref>

In the late 1950s, a {{convert|150|lb|kg|adj=on}} stone near [[Deep River, Ontario]], which is approximately {{convert|600|km|mi}} south of James Bay, was found to have carving on it with Hudson's initials (H. H.), the year 1612, and the word "captive".<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-toronto-star-carving-on-rock-henry-h/134251134/ |title=Carving on Rock Henry Hudson, 1612? |newspaper=[[Toronto Star]] |page=21 |date=September 21, 1962 |accessdate=October 28, 2023 |via=newspaper.com}}</ref> While lettering on the stone was consistent with English maps of the 17th century, the [[Geological Survey of Canada]] was unable to determine when the carving was made.<ref name=heinrich>{{cite news |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-ottawa-citizen-a-secret-etched-in-st/134251252/ |title=A secret etched in stony silence |first=Jeff |last=Heinrich |newspaper=[[Ottawa Citizen]] |page=C3 |date=August 13, 1989 |accessdate=October 28, 2023 |via=newspaper.com}}</ref>