Editing Hazaras (section)

== Genetics ==
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| caption1          = Hazara farmers in  [[Behsud, Maidan Wardak]], have developed sun-darkened skin from working tirelessly under the intense mountain sun at elevations ranging from 2,500 to 3,000 meters above sea level.
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Genetically, the Hazaras have a mix of [[West Eurasian]] and [[Ancient East Eurasian|East Eurasian]] components. Genetic data shows that Hazaras in Afghanistan cluster closely with the [[Uzbeks|Uzbek]] population, while both groups are notably distinct from Afghanistan's [[Tajiks|Tajik]] and [[Pashtuns|Pashtun]] populations.<ref name="Haber-2012" /><ref name="Martínez-Cruz-2011" /> There is evidence of both paternal and maternal connections to [[Turkic peoples|Turkic]], [[Mongolic peoples|Mongolic]], and [[Iranic peoples|Iranic]] populations.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Rosenberg |first1=Noah A. |display-authors=etal |date=December 2002 |title=Genetic Structure of Human Populations |journal=Science |series=New Series |volume=298 |issue=5602 |pages=2381–85 |bibcode=2002Sci...298.2381R |doi=10.1126/science.1078311 |pmid=12493913 |s2cid=8127224}}</ref>
	
The frequency of ancestral components among the Hazaras varies according to tribal affiliation. They show a high genetic affinity to present-day [[Turkic peoples|Turkic]] populations of [[Central Asia]] and [[East Asia]], as well as to [[Mongolic peoples|Mongolic]] populations. In terms of their overall genetic makeup, approximately 49% of the average gene pool of the Hazaras is derived from East Asian sources, around 48% from European sources, and approximately 0.17%, 0.47%, and 2.30% from African, Oceanian, and Amerindian sources, respectively. The [[genetic makeup]] of the Hazaras is similar to that of [[Uzbeks|Uzbek]], [[Uyghurs|Uyghur]], [[Kazakhs|Kazakh]], [[Kyrgyz people|Kyrgyz]], and [[Mongols|Mongol]] populations.<ref name="Martínez-Cruz-2011"/><ref name="Chen-2019"/><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Xu |first1=Shuhua |last2=Wang |first2=Sijia |last3=Tang |first3=Kun |last4=Guan |first4=Yaqun |last5=Khan |first5=Asifullah |last6=Li |first6=Jing |last7=Zhang |first7=Xi |last8=Wang |first8=Xiaoji |last9=Tian |first9=Lei |date=1 October 2017 |title=Genetic History of Xinjiang's Uyghurs Suggests Bronze Age Multiple-Way Contacts in Eurasia |journal=Molecular Biology and Evolution |volume=34 |issue=10 |pages=2572–2582 |doi=10.1093/molbev/msx177 |issn=0737-4038 |pmid=28595347 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name="SabitovZh."/><ref name="Жабагин"/><ref name="He-2019">{{Cite journal |last1=He |first1=Guanglin |last2=Adnan |first2=Atif |last3=Rakha |first3=Allah |last4=Yeh |first4=Hui-Yuan |last5=Wang |first5=Mengge |last6=Zou |first6=Xing |last7=Guo |first7=Jianxin |last8=Rehman |first8=Muhammad |last9=Fawad |first9=Abulhasan |last10=Chen |first10=Pengyu |last11=Wang |first11=Chuan-Chao |date=1 September 2019 |title=A comprehensive exploration of the genetic legacy and forensic features of Afghanistan and Pakistan Mongolian-descent Hazara |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1872497319301279 |journal=Forensic Science International: Genetics |volume=42 |pages=e1–e12 |doi=10.1016/j.fsigen.2019.06.018 |pmid=31257046 |issn=1872-4973}}</ref>

Analyses suggest that the Hazaras are more closely related to the Turkic populations of Central Asia than to [[Mongolians]], [[East Asians]], or [[Indo-Iranians]].<ref name="Martínez-Cruz-2011"/> 

One study employing pairwise genetic distances, multidimensional scaling (MDS), principal component analysis (PCA), and phylogenetic reconstruction found that present-day Hazaras are genetically closer to Turkic-speaking groups such as the Uyghur, Kazakh, and Kyrgyz of northwest China than to other Central or South Asian populations, or to Mongolians. Complementary outgroup and admixture analyses—including f3, f4, f4-ratio, qpWave, and qpAdm—further reveal that Hazaras share more alleles with East Asian populations than with other Central Asians, with an estimated 57.8% of their ancestry linked to Mongolian-related sources. Based on these findings, other studies suggest that the Hazaras originate from Central Asia and share high similarities with the region's Turkic populations.<ref name="He-2019"/><ref name="Atif Adnan">{{cite journal | last1=Adnan | first1=Atif | last2=Rakha | first2=Allah | last3=Nazir | first3=Shahid | last4=Alghafri | first4=Rashed | last5=Hassan | first5=Qudsia | last6=Wang | first6=Chuan-Chao | last7=Lu | first7=Jie | title=Forensic features and genetic legacy of the Baloch population of Pakistan and the Hazara population across Durand line revealed by Y-chromosomal STRs | journal=International Journal of Legal Medicine | volume=135 | issue=5 | date=2021 | issn=0937-9827 | doi=10.1007/s00414-021-02591-2 | pages=1777–1784| pmid=33818632 |biorxiv=10.1101/2020.11.21.392456}}</ref><ref name="Martínez-Cruz-2010">{{Cite journal |last1=Martínez-Cruz |first1=Begoña |last2=Vitalis |first2=Renaud |last3=Ségurel |first3=Laure |last4=Austerlitz |first4=Frédéric |last5=Georges |first5=Myriam |last6=Théry |first6=Sylvain |last7=Quintana-Murci |first7=Lluis |last8=Hegay |first8=Tatyana |last9=Aldashev |first9=Almaz |last10=Nasyrova |first10=Firuza |last11=Heyer |first11=Evelyne |date=8 September 2010 |title=In the heartland of Eurasia: the multilocus genetic landscape of Central Asian populations |journal=European Journal of Human Genetics |language=en |volume=19 |issue=2 |pages=216–223 |doi=10.1038/ejhg.2010.153 |pmid=20823912 |pmc=3025785 |issn=1018-4813 }}</ref>

=== Paternal haplogroups ===
The most common paternal DNA haplogroups among Hazaras from Afghanistan are the East Eurasian haplogroup C-M217 (33.33%) and the West Eurasian haplogroup R1a1a-M17 (6.67%), followed by the West Eurasian haplogroups J2-M172 and L-M20. Some Hazaras were also found to belong to the haplogroups E1b1b1-M35, L-M20, and H-M69, which they share with [[Tajiks]], [[Pashtuns]], and [[South Asian ethnic groups|Indian populations]]. Additionally, one individual with the haplogroup B-M60, typically found in [[Eastern Africa]], was identified.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Haber |first1=Marc |last2=Platt |first2=Daniel E. |last3=Bonab |first3=Maziar Ashrafian |last4=Youhanna |first4=Sonia C. |last5=Soria-Hernanz |first5=David F. |last6=Martínez-Cruz |first6=Begoña |last7=Douaihy |first7=Bouchra |last8=Ghassibe-Sabbagh |first8=Michella |last9=Rafatpanah |first9=Hoshang |last10=Ghanbari |first10=Mohsen |last11=Whale |first11=John |date=28 March 2012 |title=Afghanistan's Ethnic Groups Share a Y-Chromosomal Heritage Structured by Historical Events |journal=PLOS ONE |volume=7 |issue=3 |pages=e34288 |bibcode=2012PLoSO...734288H |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0034288 |pmc=3314501 |pmid=22470552 |doi-access=free |first12=Oleg |last12=Balanovsky |first13=R. Spencer |last13=Wells |first14=David |last14=Comas |first15=Chris |last15=Tyler-Smith |first16=Pierre A. |last16=Zalloua |first17=The Genographic |last17=Consortium}}</ref><ref>John William Whale. Mitochondrial DNA Analysis of Four Ethnic Groups of Afghanistan. http://eprints.port.ac.uk/9862/1/John_Whale_MPhil_Thesis_2012.pdf {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170802122703/http://eprints.port.ac.uk/9862/1/John_Whale_MPhil_Thesis_2012.pdf|date=2 August 2017}}</ref>

Haplogroup C2 (previously known as the C3-Star cluster) is the most frequent haplogroup among Pakistani and Afghan Hazaras.<ref name="Atif Adnan" /> Pakistani Hazaras have a high frequency of [[Haplogroup C-M217 (Y-DNA)|haplogroup C-M217]] at approximately 40% (10/25) and [[haplogroup R1b]] at around 32% (8/25). A relatively high frequency of R1b has also been found among Eastern Russian [[Tatars]] and [[Bashkirs]], and all three groups are thought to be associated with the [[Golden Horde]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Lkhagvasuren |first1=Gavaachimed |last2=Shin |first2=Heejin |last3=Lee |first3=Si Eun |last4=Tumen |first4=Dashtseveg |last5=Kim |first5=Jae-Hyun |last6=Kim |first6=Kyung-Yong |last7=Kim |first7=Kijeong |last8=Park |first8=Ae Ja |last9=Lee |first9=Ho Woon |last10=Kim |first10=Mi Jin |last11=Choi |first11=Jaesung |date=14 September 2016 |title=Molecular Genealogy of a Mongol Queen's Family and Her Possible Kinship with Genghis Khan |journal=PLOS ONE |volume=11 |issue=9 |pages=e0161622 |bibcode=2016PLoSO..1161622L |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0161622 |pmc=5023095 |pmid=27627454 |doi-access=free |last12=Choi |first12=Jee-Hye |last13=Min |first13=Na Young |last14=Lee |first14=Kwang-Ho}}
"Eastern Russian Tatars, Bashkirs, and Pakistani Hazara were found to carry R1b-M343 at unusually high frequencies of 12.65%, 46.07%, and 32%, respectively, compared to other regions of Eastern Asia, which rarely have this haplotype"</ref> Haplogroup C-M217, or C2, is the most common haplogroup in Mongol and Kazakh populations.<ref name="Atif Adnan" /> Studies indicate that Y-DNA haplogroup C2 among Hazaras is linked to the expansion of the Mongols<ref name="SabitovZh.">Sabitov Zh. M. (2011).[https://www.academia.edu/13606642/Происхождение_хазарейцев_с_точки_зрения_ДНК-генеалогии_Russian_Journal_of_Genetic_Genealogy._Русская_версия_2010._Том_2._1._С.37-40 "Происхождение хазарейцев с точки зрения ДНК-генеалогии"]. The Russian Journal of Genetic Genealogy. 2 (1): pp. 37–40. In Russian: ''"Гаплогруппа СЗ безусловно связана с экспансией монголов..."''</ref> and supports the Mongolian origin of the Hazaras.<ref name="Жабагин"> Жабагин М. К. (2017). [https://disk.yandex.ru/i/-B69hFsjOyNOJA Анализ связи полиморфизма Y-хромосомы и родоплеменной структуры в казахской популяции] Москва. p. 71. In Russian: ''"...за счет высокой частоты гаплогруппы С2-М217, что согласуется с монгольским происхождением хазарейцев."''</ref> However, many genetic studies, including one such study, attribute the origin of the Hazaras directly to the Turkic populations of Central Asia.<ref name="Martínez-Cruz-2010"/>

=== Maternal haplogroups ===
The Hazaras share approximately 35% of their maternal haplogroups with contemporary East Asian populations, while about 65% are shared with West Eurasian populations.<ref>Allah Rakha, Fatima, Min-Sheng Peng, Atif Adan, Rui Bi, Memona Yasmin, Yong-Gang Yao (2017).[https://disk.yandex.ru/i/oaEltvvhkpdpYw "mtDNA sequence diversity of Hazara ethnic group from Pakistan"]. Forensic Science International: Genetics. Volume 30: Page 3.</ref> Overall, the Hazaras predominantly have West Eurasian mtDNA.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Quintana-Murci |first1=L |last2=Chaix |first2=R |last3=Wells |first3=RS |display-authors=etal |date=May 2004 |title=Where West Meets East: The Complex mtDNA Landscape of the Southwest and Central Asian Corridor |journal=The American Journal of Human Genetics |volume=74 |issue=5 |pages=827–45 |doi=10.1086/383236 |pmc=1181978 |pmid=15077202}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=MtDNA sequence diversity of Hazara ethnic group from Pakistan |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/318343710 |access-date=12 March 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Quintana-Murci |first1=L |last2=Chaix |first2=R |last3=Wells |first3=RS |display-authors=etal |date=May 2004 |title=Figure 1: Where west meets east: the complex mtDNA landscape of the southwest and Central Asian corridor |journal=Am. J. Hum. Genet. |volume=74 |issue=5 |pages=827–45 |doi=10.1086/383236 |pmc=1181978 |pmid=15077202}}</ref>