Editing Halteres (section)

====Lepidopteran antennae====

Certain [[lepidoptera]]ns (moths and butterflies) exhibit small amplitude oscillation of their [[antenna (biology)|antennae]] at constant angles during flight.<ref name="Sane 2007">{{cite journal|last1=Sane|first1=SP|last2=Dieudonné|first2=A|last3=Willis|first3=MA|last4=Daniel|first4=TL|title=Antennal mechanosensors mediate flight control in moths |journal=Science|date=9 February 2007|volume=315|issue=5813|pages=863–6|pmid=17290001|doi=10.1126/science.1133598|bibcode=2007Sci...315..863S|s2cid=2429129}}</ref> Antennal movements in lepidopterans were originally hypothesized to aid in wind or gravity perception.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Niehaus|first1=Monika|title=Flight and flight control by the antennae in the Small Tortoiseshell (Aglais urticae L., Lepidoptera)|journal=Journal of Comparative Physiology A|date=1981|volume=145|issue=2|pages=257–264|doi=10.1007/BF00605038|s2cid=45437698}}</ref> A study performed using the hawk moth, ''Manduca sexta'', confirmed that these tiny, antennal oscillations were actually contributing to body rotation sensation.<ref name="Sane 2007" />

Sane ''et al.'' (2007) determined that antennae were responsible for flight stabilization in hawk moths by removing the long part of the antenna (the flagellum), then reattaching it to determine its influence on flight performance. When the flagella were removed, the moths were no longer able to maintain stable flight. After reattachment of the flagella, flight performance was restored. The source of this difference was determined to be mechanosensory. There are two sets of mechanosensory organs located at the base of the lepidopteran antenna, Böhm's bristles and the Johnston organ. These fields of receptors respond to different directions of antennal movements. Antennae are also capable of sensing odor, humidity, and temperature. Sane ''et al.'' (2007) was able to demonstrate that it was the mechanosensors that were responsible for flight stability as opposed to the other sensory organs, because when the flagella were removed and then reattached, all antennal nerves were severed excluding those at the base (Böhm's bristles and the Johnston organ).<ref name="Sane 2007" />