Editing Halloween (section)

==Symbols==
[[File:Halloween Witch 2011.JPG|thumb|At Halloween, yards, public spaces, and some houses may be decorated with traditionally macabre symbols including [[Skeleton (undead)|skeleton]]s, [[ghost]]s, [[Spider web|cobwebs]], [[headstone]]s, and [[Witchcraft|witches]].]]

Development of [[Artefact (archaeology)|artifacts]] and [[symbol]]s associated with Halloween formed over time. [[Jack-o'-lantern]]s are traditionally carried by [[guising|guisers]] on All Hallows' Eve in order to frighten [[Unclean spirit|evil spirits]].<ref name="rogers57"/><ref>''The Encyclopedia of Witches, Witchcraft and Wicca'', Infobase Publishing, p. 183</ref> There is a popular [[Christianity in Ireland|Irish Christian]] folktale associated with the jack-o'-lantern,<ref>Dante's "Commedia" and the Poetics of Christian Catabasis (Lee Foust), ProQuest, p. 15</ref> which in [[folklore]] is said to represent a "[[soul in the Bible|soul]] who has been denied entry into both [[Heaven (Christianity)|heaven]] and [[Christian views on Hell|hell]]":<ref>''The Guinness Encyclopedia of Ghosts and Spirits'' (Rosemary Guiley), Guinness World Records Limited, p. 178</ref>
{{Blockquote|On route home after a night's drinking, Jack encounters the [[Devil in Christianity|Devil]] and tricks him into climbing a tree. A quick-thinking Jack etches the [[sign of the cross]] into the bark, thus trapping the Devil. Jack strikes a bargain that [[Satan]] can never claim his soul. After a life of [[Christian views on sin|sin]], [[Christian views on alcohol|drink]], and mendacity, Jack is refused entry to heaven when he dies. Keeping his promise, the Devil refuses to let Jack into hell and throws a live coal straight from the fires of hell at him. It was a cold night, so Jack places the coal in a hollowed out turnip to stop it from going out, since which time Jack and his lantern have been roaming looking for a place to rest.<ref>''Encyclopedia of Death and Dying'' (Glennys Howarth, Oliver Leaman), Taylor & Francis, p. 320</ref>}} In Ireland, Scotland, and Northern England the [[neep|turnip]] has traditionally been carved during Halloween,<ref name=lant>[https://web.archive.org/web/20200921184122/https://books.google.com/books?id=AN7WAAAAMAAJ&q=candlelit+lanterns+were+carved+from+large+turnips&dq=candlelit+lanterns+were+carved+from+large+turnips&ct=result&resnum=1 ''The Oxford companion to American food and drink'']  p. 269. Oxford University Press, 2007. Retrieved 17 February 2011</ref><ref name=frle/> but immigrants to North America used the native pumpkin, which is both much softer and much larger, making it easier to carve than a turnip.<ref name=lant/> The American tradition of carving pumpkins is recorded in 1837<ref>Nathaniel Hawthorne, "The Great Carbuncle", in ''Twice-Told Tales'', 1837: Hide it [the great carbuncle] under thy cloak, say'st thou? Why, it will gleam through the holes, and make thee look like a jack-o'-lantern!</ref> and was originally associated with harvest time in general, not becoming specifically associated with Halloween until the mid-to-late 19th century.<ref>As late as 1900, an article on Thanksgiving entertaining recommended a lit jack-o'-lantern as part of the festivities. [https://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9800EEDC1139E033A25757C2A9679D94649ED7CF "The Day We Celebrate: Thanksgiving Treated Gastronomically and Socially"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160805183319/http://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9800EEDC1139E033A25757C2A9679D94649ED7CF |date=5 August 2016 }}, ''The New York Times'', 24 November 1895, p. 27. [https://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9802E7D6173FE433A25752C2A9669D946197D6CF "Odd Ornaments for Table"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160805134817/http://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9802E7D6173FE433A25752C2A9669D946197D6CF |date=5 August 2016 }}, ''The New York Times'', 21 October 1900, p. 12.</ref>

[[File:J. M. Wright - Edward Scriven - Robert Burns - Halloween.JPG|thumb|"[[Halloween (poem)|Halloween]]" (1785) by Scottish poet [[Robert Burns]], recounts various legends of the holiday.]]

The modern imagery of Halloween comes from many sources, including [[Christian eschatology]], national customs, works of [[Gothic fiction|Gothic]] and [[horror fiction|horror]] literature (such as the novels ''[[Frankenstein|Frankenstein; or, The Modern Prometheus]]'' and ''[[Dracula]]'') and classic horror films such as ''[[Frankenstein (1931 film)|Frankenstein]]'' (1931) and ''[[The Mummy (1932 film)|The Mummy]]'' (1932).<ref>''The Rhetoric of Vision: Essays on Charles Williams'' (Charles Adolph Huttar, Peter J. Schakel), Bucknell University Press, p. 155</ref><ref name="rogers_h">Rogers, Nicholas (2002). "Halloween Goes to Hollywood". ''Halloween: From Pagan Ritual to Party Night'', pp. 103–124. New York: Oxford University Press. {{ISBN|0-19-516896-8}}.</ref> Imagery of the [[Skull and crossbones (Spanish cemetery)|skull]], a reference to [[Golgotha]] in the Christian tradition, serves as "a reminder of death and the transitory quality of human life" and is consequently found in ''[[memento mori]]'' and ''[[vanitas]]'' compositions;<ref>''A Handbook of Symbols in Christian Art'' (Gertrude Grace Sill), Simon & Schuster, p. 64</ref> skulls have therefore been commonplace in Halloween, which touches on this theme.<ref>''In flagrante collecto'' (Marilynn Gelfman Karp), Abrams, p. 299</ref> Traditionally, the back walls of churches are "decorated with a depiction of the [[Last Judgment]], complete with graves opening and the dead rising, with a heaven filled with angels and a hell filled with devils", a motif that has permeated the observance of this [[Allhallowtide|triduum]].<ref>''School Year, Church Year'' (Peter Mazar), Liturgy Training Publications, p. 115</ref> One of the earliest works on the subject of Halloween is from Scottish poet [[John Mayne]], who, in 1780, made note of [[prank]]s at Halloween—''"What fearfu' pranks ensue!"'', as well as the supernatural associated with the night, ''"bogles"'' (ghosts)<ref>{{cite web |last1=Mayne |first1=John |title=Halloween |url=https://www.poetryexplorer.net/poem.php?id=10105857 |website=PoetryExplorer |access-date=24 November 2022 |archive-date=24 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221124003446/https://www.poetryexplorer.net/poem.php?id=10105857 |url-status=live }}</ref>—influencing [[Robert Burns]]' "[[Halloween (poem)|Halloween]]" (1785).<ref>Thomas Crawford [[iarchive:burnsstudyofpoem00craw/page/125|<!-- quote=scottish halloween traditions - burns poem. --> ''Burns: a study of the poems and songs'']] {{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BDCsAAAAIAAJ&q=scottish+halloween+traditions+-+burns+poem&pg=PA125 |title=Burns: A Study of the Poems and Songs |isbn=978-0-8047-0055-9 |access-date=27 November 2018 |archive-date=23 April 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160423113435/https://books.google.com/books?id=BDCsAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA125&dq=scottish+halloween+traditions+-+burns+poem&ct=result&resnum=8 |url-status=bot: unknown |last1=Crawford |first1=Thomas |year=1960 |publisher=Stanford University Press }} Stanford University Press, 1960</ref> Elements of the [[autumn|autumn season]], such as pumpkins, corn [[husk]]s, and [[scarecrow]]s, are also prevalent. Homes are often decorated with these types of symbols around Halloween. Halloween imagery includes themes of death, [[evil]], and mythical [[monster]]s.<ref>Simpson, Jacqueline "All Saints' Day" in ''Encyclopedia of Death and Dying'', Howarth, G. and Leeman, O. (2001) London Routledge {{ISBN|0-415-18825-3}}, p. 14 "Halloween is closely associated in folklore with death and the supernatural".</ref> [[Black cat]]s, which have been long associated with witches, are also a common symbol of Halloween. Black, orange, and sometimes purple are Halloween's traditional colors.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Herberholz |first1=Donald |last2=Herberholz |first2=Barbara |title=Artworks for Elementary Teachers: Developing Artistic and Perceptual Awareness |date=1990 |publisher=W.C. Brown |page=16}}</ref>
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