Editing Hairstyle (section)

===Early modern history===
====Male styles====
During the 15th and 16th centuries, European men wore their hair cropped no longer than shoulder-length, with very fashionable men wearing bangs or fringes. In Italy, it was common for men to dye their hair.<ref>{{cite book|last=Condra|first=Jill|title=The Greenwood Encyclopedia of Clothing through World History: Volume 2, 1501–1800|year=2007|publisher=Greenwood|isbn=978-0-313-33664-5|pages=45 and 72}}</ref> In the early 17th century male hairstyles grew longer, with waves or curls being considered desirable in upper-class European men.

The male wig was supposedly pioneered by King [[Louis XIII|Louis XIII of France]] (1601–1643) in 1624 when he had prematurely begun to bald.<ref>{{cite web|author=marcelgomessweden |url=http://thebeautifultimes.wordpress.com/tag/louis-xiii/ |title=Louis XIII « The Beautiful Times |publisher=Thebeautifultimes.wordpress.com |access-date=16 January 2013}}</ref> This fashion was largely promoted by his son and successor [[Louis XIV|Louis XIV of France]] (1638–1715) that contributed to its spread in [[Europe]]an and European-influenced countries. The [[beard]] had been in a long decline and now disappeared among the upper classes.

Perukes or periwigs for men were introduced into the English-speaking world with other French styles when [[Charles II of England|Charles II]] was [[Stuart Restoration|restored to the throne]] in 1660, following a lengthy exile in France. These wigs were shoulder-length or longer, imitating the long hair that had become fashionable among men since the 1620s. Their use soon became popular in the English court. The London diarist [[Samuel Pepys]] recorded the day in 1665 that a [[barber]] had shaved his head and that he tried on his new periwig for the first time, but in a year of [[Black Death|plague]] he was uneasy about wearing it:<blockquote>3rd September 1665: Up, and put on my coloured silk suit, very fine, and my new periwig, bought a good while since, but darst not wear it because the plague was in [[Westminster]] when I bought it. And it is a wonder what will be the fashion after the plague is done as to periwigs, for nobody will dare to buy any hair for fear of the infection? That it had been cut off the heads of people dead of the plague.</blockquote>

Late 17th-century wigs were very long and wavy (see George I below), but became shorter in the mid-18th century, by which time they were normally white (George II). A very common style had a single stiff curl running round the head at the end of the hair. By the late 18th century the natural hair was often powdered to achieve the impression of a short wig, tied into a small tail or "queue" behind (George III).

Short hair for fashionable men was a product of the [[Neoclassicism|Neoclassical movement]]. Classically inspired male hair styles included the [[Bedford Crop]], arguably the precursor of most plain modern male styles, which was invented by the radical politician [[Francis Russell, 5th Duke of Bedford]] as a protest against a [[Duty on Hair Powder Act 1795|tax on hair powder]]; he encouraged his friends to adopt it by betting them they would not. Another influential style (or group of styles) was named by the French "[[Titus haircut|coiffure à la Titus]]" after [[Lucius Junius Brutus|Titus Junius Brutus]] (not in fact the Roman Emperor [[Titus]] as often assumed), with hair short and layered but somewhat piled up on the crown, often with restrained quiffs or locks hanging down; variants are familiar from the hair of both [[Napoleon]] and [[George IV]]. The style was supposed to have been introduced by the actor [[François-Joseph Talma]], who upstaged his wigged co-actors when appearing in productions of works such as [[Voltaire]]'s ''[[Brutus (tragedy)|Brutus]]'' (about [[Lucius Junius Brutus]], who orders the execution of his son Titus). In 1799, a Parisian fashion magazine reported that even bald men were adopting Titus wigs,<ref>Hunt, Lynn, "Freedom of Dress in Revolutionary France", p. 243, in ''From the Royal to the Republican Body: Incorporating the Political in Seventeenth- and Eighteenth-Century France'', Editors: Sara E. Melzer, Kathryn Norberg, 1998, University of California Press, 1998, {{ISBN|978-0520208070}}</ref> and the style was also worn by women, the ''[[Journal de Paris]]'' reporting in 1802 that "more than half of elegant women were wearing their hair or wig ''à la Titus''".<ref>Rifelj, Carol De Dobay, ''Coiffures: Hair in Nineteenth-Century French Literature and Culture'', p. 35, 2010, University of Delaware Press, {{ISBN|978-0874130997}}, [https://books.google.com/books?id=fFdBoGMJktgC Google Books]</ref>

In the early 19th century the male beard, and also [[moustache]]s and [[sideburns]], made a strong reappearance, associated with the [[Romanticism|Romantic movement]], and all remained very common until the 1890s, after which younger men ceased to wear them, with [[World War I]], when the majority of men in many countries saw military service, finally despatching the full beard except for older men retaining the styles of their youth, and those affecting a [[Bohemianism|Bohemian]] look. The short military-style moustache remained popular.

====Female styles====
[[File:Hals, Frans - Singing Girl - 1626-30.png|thumb|Low "messy" bun in an everyday domestic context in 17th-century Holland. [[Girl Singing (Hals)|''Girl Singing'' by Frans Hals]], about 1628]] [[File:Marie-Antoinette, 1775 - Musée Antoine Lécuyer.jpg|thumb|[[Marie Antoinette]] with pouf hairstyle]]
[[File:Hopi woman dressing hair of unmarried girl.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Hopi]] woman dressing hair, ca. 1900]]

From the 16th to the 19th century, European women's hair became more visible while their hair coverings grew smaller, with both becoming more elaborate, and with hairstyles beginning to include ornamentation such as flowers, ostrich plumes, ropes of pearls, jewels, ribbons and small crafted objects such as replicas of ships and windmills.<ref name="sherrow2"/><ref>{{cite book|last=Sherrow|first=Victoria|title=For Appearance' Sake: The Historical Encyclopedia of Good Looks, Beauty, and Grooming|year=2001|publisher=Greenwood|isbn=978-1-57356-204-1|page=[https://archive.org/details/forappearancesak00sher/page/143 143]|url=https://archive.org/details/forappearancesak00sher/page/143}}</ref> Bound hair was felt to be symbolic of propriety: loosening one's hair was considered immodest and sexual, and sometimes was felt to have supernatural connotations.<ref>{{cite book|last=Condra|first=Jill|title=The Greenwood Encyclopedia of Clothing Through World History: 1501–1800|year=2007|publisher=Greenwood|isbn=978-0-313-33664-5|page=149}}</ref> Red hair was popular, particularly in England during the reign of the red-haired [[Elizabeth I]], and women and aristocratic men used [[borax]], [[Potassium nitrate|saltpeter]], [[saffron]] and [[sulfur]] powder to dye their hair red, making themselves nauseated and giving themselves headaches and nosebleeds.<ref name="adams1"/><ref>{{cite book|last=Sherrow|first=Victoria|title=For Appearance' Sake: The Historical Encyclopedia of Good Looks, Beauty, and Grooming|year=2001|publisher=Greenwood|isbn=978-1-57356-204-1|url=https://archive.org/details/forappearancesak00sher}}</ref> During this period in Spain and Latin cultures, women wore lace [[mantilla]]s, often worn over a high comb,<ref name="sherrow2"/><ref>{{cite book|last=Keyes|first=Jean|title=A history of women's hairstyles,1500–1965|year=1967|publisher=Methuen|asin=B0000CNN46}}</ref>  and in [[Buenos Aires]], there developed a fashion for extremely large tortoise-shell hair combs called [[peinetón]], which could measure up to three feet in height and width, and which are said by historians to have reflected the growing influence of France, rather than Spain, upon Argentinians.<ref>{{cite book|last=Root|first=Regina A.|title=The Latin American fashion reader (Dress, Body, Culture)|year=2005|publisher=Berg Publishers|isbn=978-1-85973-893-1|page=33}}</ref>

In the middle of the 18th century the [[pouf]] style developed, with women creating volume in the hair at the front of the head, usually with a pad underneath to lift it higher, and ornamented the back with seashells, pearls or gemstones. In 1750, women began dressing their hair with perfumed pomade and powdering it white. Just before World War I, some women began wearing silk turbans over their hair.<ref name="sherrow2"/>

====Japan====
In the early 1870s, in a shift that historians attribute to the influence of the West,<ref>{{cite journal|last=O'Brien|first=Suzanne G.|title=Splitting Hairs: History and the Politics of Daily Life in Nineteenth-Century Japan|journal=The Journal of Asian Studies|date=10 November 2008|volume=67|issue=4|pages=1309–1339|doi=10.1017/S0021911808001794|s2cid=145239880|url=http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayAbstract;jsessionid=23FA96F632BC198005F26BFA146E96BA.tomcat1?fromPage=online&aid=2541948|access-date=19 September 2011}}</ref> Japanese men began cutting their hair into styles known as {{Transliteration|ja|jangiri}} or {{Transliteration|ja|zangiri}} (which roughly means "random cropping").<ref name="slade2010">{{cite book|last=Slade|first=Toby|title=Japanese Fashion: a Cultural History|year=2010|publisher=Berg Publishers|isbn=978-1-84788-252-3}}</ref> During this period, Japanese women were still wearing [[nihongami|traditional hairstyles]] held up with [[kanzashi|combs, pins, and sticks]] crafted from tortoise, metal, wood and other materials,<ref name="sherrow2"/> but in the middle 1880s, upper-class Japanese women began pushing back their hair in the Western style (known as {{Transliteration|ja|sokuhatsu}}), or adopting Westernized versions of traditional Japanese hairstyles (these were called {{Transliteration|ja|yakaimaki}}, or literally, "soirée chignon").<ref name="slade2010"/>