Editing Hagia Sophia (section)

====Renovation of 1847–1849====
[[File:Istanbul - Santa Sofia - Medalló.JPG|thumb|Calligraphy with the name of the 4th Rashidun Caliph [[Ali]], one of eight medallions added in the 19th century]]
The 19th-century restoration of the Hagia Sophia was ordered by Sultan [[Abdulmejid I|Abdulmejid&nbsp;I]] ({{Reign|1823|1861}}) and completed between 1847 and 1849 by eight hundred workers under the supervision of the [[Ticino|Swiss-Italian]] architect brothers [[Fossati brothers|Gaspare and Giuseppe Fossati]]. The brothers consolidated the dome with a restraining iron chain and strengthened the vaults, straightened the columns, and revised the decoration of the exterior and the interior of the building.<ref name="Turkish Cultural Foundation">{{Cite web |publisher=Turkish Cultural Foundation |title=The Fossati brothers |url=http://www.turkishculture.org/architecture/architects/the-fossati-brothers-959.htm |access-date=2020-07-26}}</ref> The mosaics in the upper gallery were exposed and cleaned, although many were recovered "for protection against further damage".<ref name="groveenc">{{cite book |last1=Bloom |first1=Jonathan |last2=Blair |first2=Sheila |title=Grove Encyclopedia of Islamic Art & Architecture |date=2009 |publisher=Oxford University Press USA |isbn=978-0-19-530991-1 |page=324 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=un4WcfEASZwC&pg=RA1-PA324 |language=en |chapter=Istanbul}}</ref>

Eight new gigantic circular-framed discs or [[Medallion (architecture)|medallions]] were hung from the [[cornice]], on each of the four piers and at either side of the apse and the west doors. These were designed by the calligrapher [[Kazasker Mustafa Izzet Efendi]] and painted with the names of [[Allah]], [[Muhammad]], the [[Rashidun]] (the first four caliphs), and the two grandsons of Muhammad.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-09-29 |title=Hagia Sophia - Meaning, Mosque & Istanbul |url=https://www.history.com/topics/middle-ages/hagia-sophia |access-date=2024-07-01 |website=HISTORY |language=en}}</ref> In 1850, the architects Fossati built a new [[maqsura]] or caliphal loge in [[Neo-Byzantine architecture|Neo-Byzantine]] columns and an Ottoman–Rococo style marble grille connecting to the royal pavilion behind the mosque.<ref name="Turkish Cultural Foundation" /> The new maqsura was built at the extreme east end of the northern aisle, next to the north-eastern pier. The existing maqsura in the apse, near the mihrab, was demolished.<ref name="Turkish Cultural Foundation" /> A new entrance was constructed for the sultan: the {{Langx|tr|Hünkar Mahfili|label=none}}.<ref name="Turkish Cultural Foundation" /> The Fossati brothers also renovated the [[minbar]] and [[mihrab]].

Outside the main building, the minarets were repaired and altered so that they were of equal height.<ref name="groveenc" /> A clock building, the {{Langx|tr|Muvakkithane|label=none}}, was built by the Fossatis for use by the [[muwaqqit]] (the mosque timekeeper), and a new [[madrasa]] (Islamic school) was constructed. The {{Langx|tr|Kasr-ı Hümayun|label=none}} was also built under their direction.<ref name="Turkish Cultural Foundation" /> When the restoration was finished, the mosque was re-opened with a ceremony on 13 July 1849.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Admin |date=2020-09-11 |title=Architectural Adventure of Hagia Sophia |url=https://architecture-news.com/architectural-adventure-of-hagia-sophia/ |access-date=2021-07-29 |website=Architecture News |language=en-US |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210729101359/https://architecture-news.com/architectural-adventure-of-hagia-sophia/ |archive-date=2021-07-29}}</ref> An edition of [[lithographs]] from drawings made during the Fossatis' work on Hagia Sophia was published in [[London]] in 1852, entitled: ''Aya Sophia of Constantinople as Recently Restored by Order of H.M. The Sultan Abdulmejid''.<ref name="Turkish Cultural Foundation" />

<gallery class="center" widths="200" heights="200" caption="Gaspare Fossati's Hagia Sophia (lithographs by Louis Haghe)">
File:Façade principale de Ste Sophie, prise de la cour du médressé - Fossati Gaspard - 1852.jpg|Main (western) façade of Hagia Sophia, seen from courtyard of the ''madrasa'' of [[Mahmud I|Mahmud&nbsp;I]]. Lithograph by [[Louis Haghe]] after Gaspard Fossati (1852).
File:Aya Sofia, Constantinople (BM 1889,0603.107).jpg|South-eastern side, seen from the Imperial Gate of the [[Topkapı Palace]], with the [[Fountain of Ahmed III]] on the left and the [[Sultan Ahmed Mosque]] in the distance. Lithograph by Louis Haghe after Gaspard Fossati (1852).
File:Vue de la nouvelle tribune impériale, prise entre les colonnes d'Ephèze, et ensuite de face - Fossati Gaspard - 1852.jpg|The imperial lodge ({{Abbreviation|b|built}} 1850)
File:Aya Sofia, Constantinople (BM 1889,0603.120).jpg|[[Fossati brothers|Gaspare Fossati]]'s 1852 depiction of the Hagia Sophia, after his and his brother's renovation. Lithograph by [[Louis Haghe]].
File:L'intérieur et l'extérieur de la mosquée, avant sa restauration - Fossati Gaspard - 1852.jpg|Nave before restoration, facing east
File:Vue générale de la grande nef, en regardant l'orient - Fossati Gaspard - 1852.jpg|Nave and apse after restoration, facing east
File:Gaspare Fossati - Louis Haghe - Vue générale de la grande nef, en regardant l'occident (Hagia Sophia - Ayasofya Mosque nave).jpg|Nave and entrance after restoration, facing west
File:Nartex, ou Porche - Fossati Gaspard - 1852.jpg|Narthex, facing north
File:Entrée principale de la mosquée - Fossati Gaspard - 1852.jpg|Exonarthex, facing north
File:Vue de l'entrée du côté du nord - Fossati Gaspard - 1852.jpg|North aisle from the entrance, facing east
File:Vue prise du même point, en regardant le porche - Fossati Gaspard - 1852.jpg|North aisle, facing west
File:Vue centrale de la nef du nord - Fossati Gaspard - 1852.jpg|Nave and south aisle from the north aisle
File:Entrée du gynécée, ou galerie supérieure - Fossati Gaspard - 1852.jpg|Northern gallery and entrance to the ''matroneum'' from the north-west
File:Vues dans la même gallerie, prises dans l'angle sud-ouest - Fossati Gaspard - 1852.jpg|Southern gallery from the south-west
File:Vue du fond de la galerie, du côté oriental - Fossati Gaspard - 1852.jpg|Southern gallery from the Marble Door facing west
File:Centre de la galerie - Fossati Gaspard - 1852.jpg|Southern gallery from the Marble Door facing east
</gallery>