Editing Gunpowder (section)

=== India ===
[[File:Rocket warfare.jpg|thumb|left|In the year 1780 the [[British East India Company|British]] began to [[Annexation|annex]] the territories of the [[Sultanate of Mysore]], during the [[Second Anglo-Mysore War]]. The British battalion was defeated during the [[Battle of Guntur]], by the forces of [[Hyder Ali]], who effectively used [[Mysorean rockets]] and [[rocket artillery]] against the closely massed British forces.]]

Gunpowder and gunpowder weapons were transmitted to India through the [[Mongol invasions of India]].<ref name="Kn">{{cite book|author=Iqtidar Alam Khan|title=Gunpowder And Firearms: Warfare in Medieval India|year=2004|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-566526-0}}</ref><ref name="kn2" /> The Mongols were defeated by [[Alauddin Khalji]] of the [[Delhi Sultanate]], and some of the Mongol soldiers remained in northern India after their conversion to Islam.<ref name="kn2">{{cite book|author=Iqtidar Alam Khan|title=Historical Dictionary of Medieval India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pzZFUcDpDzsC&pg=PA157|date=25 April 2008|publisher=Scarecrow Press|isbn=978-0-8108-5503-8|page=157}}</ref> It was written in the ''Tarikh-i Firishta'' (1606–1607) that [[Nasiruddin Mahmud (grandson of Iltutmish)|Nasiruddin Mahmud]] the ruler of the Delhi Sultanate presented the envoy of the Mongol ruler [[Hulegu Khan]] with a dazzling pyrotechnics display upon his arrival in [[Delhi]] in 1258. Nasiruddin Mahmud tried to express his strength as a ruler and tried to ward off any [[Mongol]] attempt similar to the [[Siege of Baghdad (1258)]].{{sfn|Khan|2004|pp=9–10}} Firearms known as ''top-o-tufak'' also existed in many Muslim kingdoms in India by as early as 1366.{{sfn|Khan|2004|pp=9–10}} From then on the employment of [[gunpowder warfare]] in India was prevalent, with events such as the "Siege of [[Belgaum]]" in 1473 by [[Sultan]] Muhammad Shah Bahmani.{{sfn|Khan|2004|p=10}}

The shipwrecked Ottoman [[Admiral]] [[Seydi Ali Reis]] is known to have introduced the earliest type of [[matchlock]] weapons, which the Ottomans used against the [[Portugal|Portuguese]] during the [[Siege of Diu (1531)]]. After that, a diverse variety of firearms, large guns in particular, became visible in [[Tanjore]], [[Dacca]], [[Adil Shahi|Bijapur]], and [[Murshidabad]].{{sfn|Partington|1999|p=225}} Guns made of bronze were recovered from [[History of Kozhikode|Calicut]] (1504)- the former capital of the [[Zamorin]]s{{sfn|Partington|1999|p=226}}

[[File:Meister der Shâh-Jahân-Nâma-Memoiren 001.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|[[Mughal Emperor]] [[Shah Jahan]], hunting deer using a [[matchlock]]]]
The Mughal emperor [[Akbar]] mass-produced matchlocks for the [[Mughal Army]]. Akbar is personally known to have shot a leading [[Rajput]] commander during the [[Siege of Chittorgarh (1567–1568)|Siege of Chittorgarh]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DTfEDaWMj4o| archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211211/DTfEDaWMj4o| archive-date=2021-12-11 | url-status=live|title=Mughal Matchlock|work=YouTube| date=7 July 2008}}{{cbignore}}</ref> The [[Mughal Empire|Mughals]] began to use [[bamboo]] rockets (mainly for signalling) and employ [[sapper]]s: special units that undermined heavy stone fortifications to plant gunpowder charges.

The Mughal Emperor [[Shah Jahan]] is known to have introduced much more advanced matchlocks, their designs were a combination of Ottoman and Mughal designs. Shah Jahan also countered the [[British Empire|British]] and other [[Europeans]] in his province of [[Gujarāt]], which supplied Europe saltpeter for use in gunpowder warfare during the 17th century.<ref name=IndiaBritannica>"India."  Encyclopædia Britannica 2008 Ultimate Reference Suite. Chicago: Encyclopædia Britannica, 2008.</ref> [[Bengal]] and [[Malwa|Mālwa]] participated in saltpeter production.<ref name=IndiaBritannica /> The Dutch, French, Portuguese, and English used [[Chhapra]] as a center of saltpeter refining.<ref name=IndiaBritannica />

Ever since the founding of the [[Sultanate of Mysore]] by [[Hyder Ali]], [[France|French]] military officers were employed to train the Mysore Army. Hyder Ali and his son [[Tipu Sultan]] were the first to introduce modern cannons and [[musket]]s, their army was also the first in India to have official uniforms. During the [[Second Anglo-Mysore War]] Hyder Ali and his son [[Tipu Sultan]] unleashed the Mysorean rockets at their British opponents effectively defeating them on various occasions. The Mysorean rockets inspired the development of the [[Congreve rocket]], which the British widely used during the [[Napoleonic Wars]] and the [[War of 1812]].<ref name="r&ms">"rocket and missile system."  Encyclopædia Britannica 2008 Ultimate Reference Suite. Chicago: Encyclopædia Britannica, 2008.</ref>