Editing Guadalajara (section)

=== 20th century ===
[[File:Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico (2021) - 206.jpg|thumb|left|250px|Guadalajara Regional [[Museum]] ({{lang|es|Museo Regional de Guadalajara}}) Inauguration November 1, 1918]]
Throughout the twentieth century, seeing growth in its industrial, tourist, and service industries, Guadalajara began a period of rapid transformation into the metropolis it is today. The city would gain the second largest economy in Mexico, following only by [[Mexico City]]. After the [[Mexican Revolution]] of 1910, Guadalajara became the second most populous city in the country. However, the decades that followed brought a number of regional wars in the states of [[Jalisco]], [[Michoacán]], and [[Guanajuato]]. The aftermath of the [[Great Depression in Latin America|Great Depression]] took a further toll on the city. Fortunately, by the 1940s the city would experience industrial, demographic, and trade growth.

In 1910, the Mexican Revolution began, bringing an end to the {{lang|es|[[Porfiriato]]}}. With conflict concentrated in the capital, Guadalajara experienced relative calm. After the Cristero Conflict, peace returned to Guadalajara and the city flourished, outgrowing its colonial roots. This period saw the birth of new schools of architecture that would decorate the city from the 1920s to the 1980s.

Guadalajara again experienced substantial growth after the 1930s,<ref name="brittanica">{{cite web |url=http://0-search.eb.com.millenium.itesm.mx/eb/article-256635 |title=Guadalajara |year=2010 |publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online |access-date=January 14, 2010 }}{{Dead link|date=March 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> and the first industrial park was established in 1947.<ref name="encmuc"/> Its population surpassed one million in 1964,<ref name="encmuc"/> and by the 1970s it was Mexico's second-largest city<ref name="brittanica"/> and the largest in western Mexico.<ref name="napolitano21"/> Most of the modern city's urbanization took place between the 1940s and the 1980s, with the population doubling every ten years until it stood at 2.5 million in 1980.<ref name="napolitano2021">{{cite book |title=Migration, Mujercitas, and Medicine Men&thinsp;: Living in Urban Mexico |last= Napolitano |first=Valentina |year=2002 |publisher=University of California Press |location=Ewing, New Jersey |pages=20–21 }}</ref> The population of the municipality has stagnated, and even declined, slowly but steadily, since the early 1990s.<ref name="CONAPOzm2005">[http://www.conapo.gob.mx/publicaciones/dzm2005/index.htm Consejo Nacional de Población, México; Delimitación de las zonas metropolitanas de México 2005] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090506013007/http://www.conapo.gob.mx/publicaciones/dzm2005/index.htm |date=May 6, 2009 }} Retrieved on 2008-10-18.</ref>

The increase in population brought with it an increase in the size of what is now called Greater Guadalajara, rather than an increase in the population density of the city. Migrants coming into Guadalajara from the 1940s to the 1980s were mostly from rural areas and lived in the city center until they had enough money to buy property. This property was generally bought in the edges of the city, which were urbanizing into {{lang|es|fraccionamientos}}, or residential areas.<ref name="napolitano2324">{{cite book |title=Migration, Mujercitas, and Medicine Men&thinsp;: Living in Urban Mexico |last=Napolitano |first=Valentina |year=2002 |publisher=University of California Press |location=Ewing, New Jersey |pages=23–24 }}</ref> In the 1980s, it was described as a "divided city" east to west based on socioeconomic class. Since then, the city has evolved into four sectors, which are still more or less class-centered. The upper classes tend to live in Hidalgo and Juárez in the northwest and southwest, while the lower classes tend to live in the city center, Libertad in the northeast, and southeast in Reforma. However, lower class development has expanded on the city's periphery and upper and middle classes are migrating toward Zapopan, making the situation less neatly divided.<ref name="napolitano2122">{{cite book |title=Migration, Mujercitas, and Medicine Men&thinsp;: Living in Urban Mexico |last=Napolitano |first=Valentina |year=2002 |publisher=University of California Press |location=Ewing, New Jersey |pages=21–22 }}</ref>

[[File:Guadalajara, c. 1905.jpg|thumb|Central Guadalajara, {{circa|1905}}]]
Since 1996, the activity of multinational corporations has had a significant effect on the economic and social development of the city. The presence of companies such as [[Kodak]], [[Hewlett-Packard]], [[Motorola]] and [[IBM]] has been based on production facilities built outside the city proper, bringing in foreign labor and capital. This was made possible in the 1980s by surplus labor, infrastructure improvements, and government incentives. These companies focus on electrical and electronic items, which is now one of Guadalajara's two main products (the other being beer). This has internationalized the economy, steering it away from manufacturing and toward services, dependent on technology and foreign investment. This has not been favorable for the unskilled working class and traditional labor sectors.<ref name="napolitano2022">{{cite book |title=Migration, Mujercitas, and Medicine Men&thinsp;: Living in Urban Mexico |last=Napolitano |first=Valentina |year= 2002 |publisher=University of California Press |location=Ewing, New Jersey |pages=20, 22 }}</ref>

The [[1992 Guadalajara explosions]] occurred on April 22, 1992, when gasoline explosions in the [[sanitary sewer|sewer]] system over four hours destroyed {{convert|8|km|0|abbr=on}} of streets in the downtown district of Analco.<ref name="dugal">{{cite journal |last1=Dugal |first1=James |year=1999 |title=Guadalajara Gas Explosion Disaster |journal=In Disaster Recovery Journal |volume=5 |issue=3 |url=http://www.drj.com/drworld/content/w2_028.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160102120323/http://www.drj.com/drworld/content/w2_028.htm |archive-date=2016-01-02}}</ref> Gante Street was the most damaged. Officially, 206 people were killed, nearly 500 injured and 15,000 were left homeless. The estimated monetary damage ranges between $300 million and $1 billion. The affected areas can be recognized by their more modern architecture.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Eisner |first1=Peter |date= 28 April 1992 |title=Nine officials charged in sewer-line explosions case |journal=The Tech |publisher=Massachusetts Institute of Technology |volume=112 |issue=22 |url=http://tech.mit.edu/V112/N22/mexico.22w.html |access-date=14 January 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111005045048/http://tech.mit.edu/V112/N22/mexico.22w.html |archive-date=5 October 2011 |url-status=live }}</ref>

Three days before the explosion, residents started complaining of a strong [[gasoline]]-like smell coming from the sewers. City workers were dispatched to check the sewers and found dangerously high levels of gasoline fumes. However, no evacuations were ordered. An investigation into the disaster found that there were two precipitating causes. The first was new water pipes that were built too close to an existing gasoline pipeline. Chemical reactions between the pipes caused erosion. The second was a flaw in the sewer design that did not allow accumulated gases to escape.<ref name="semp">{{cite web |url=http://www.semp.us/publications/biot_reader.php?BiotID=356 |title=The Guadalajara 1992 Sewer Gas Explosion Disaster |date=3 May 2006 |publisher=SEMP |location=Massachusetts |access-date=January 14, 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090210235229/http://www.semp.us/publications/biot_reader.php?BiotID=356 |archive-date=10 February 2009 }}</ref>

Arrests were made to indict those responsible for the blasts.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www1.umn.edu/humanrts/cases/17-03.html |title=Legal documents pertaining to this case |website=umn.edu |access-date=2010-06-07 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20090902023425/http://www1.umn.edu/humanrts/cases/17-03.html |archive-date=2009-09-02 |url-status=live }}</ref> Four officials of [[Pemex]] (the state oil company) were indicted and charged on the basis of negligence. Ultimately, however, these people were cleared of all charges.<ref name="indictment">{{cite magazine |date=11 May 1992 |title=News on Pemex indictment |magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]] |url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,975488,00.html |access-date=14 January 2010 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20090902010140/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,975488,00.html |archive-date=2 September 2009 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Calls for the restructuring of PEMEX were made but they were successfully resisted.<ref name="kirkwood206">{{cite book |title= History of Mexico |last=Kirkwood |first=Burton |year=2000 |publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group |location=Westport, Connecticut |page=206 }}</ref>

The 1990s were marked by events such as the [[1992 Guadalajara explosions|explosions of April 22, 1992]], the [[Mexican peso crisis]] of 1994, and the murder of the Cardinal [[Juan Jesús Posadas Ocampo]] in 1993.<ref name="Rodríguez Gómez_1">{{cite book |last1=Gómez's |first1=Gabriela |last2=Rodelo |first2=Frida V. |editor-last=Rodríguez Gómez |editor-first=Guadalupe |title=Social reality and violence. Guadalajara Metropolitan Area |publisher=social incide/Institute of Technology and Higher Studies of the West |date=2012 |chapter=El protagonismo de la violencia en los medios de comunicación (The prominence of violence in the media) |chapter-url=https://www.academia.edu/21325174 |isbn=978-607-8044-09-2 |name-list-style=amp |access-date=5 September 2019 |archive-date=18 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210918100540/https://www.academia.edu/21325174 |url-status=live }}</ref> The 1992 explosions caused massive infrastructure damage to hundreds of houses, avenues, streets, and businesses in the Analco neighborhood ({{lang|es|barrio}}), "without a clear delineator of information and responsibilities to date",<ref>{{cite book |last1=Syqueiros |first1=Luis Felipe |editor-last=Rodríguez Gómez |editor-first=Guadalupe |title=the social reality and the Violence. Metropolitan Area of Guadalajara |publisher=Social Incide / Institute of Technology and Higher Studies of the West |date=2012 |chapter=The territory, the environment and the urban conditions }}</ref> in one of the most tragic events in the history of Guadalajara. The investigation of the facts lasted more than 11 years in which insufficient evidence was found to appoint a manager,<ref name=":0" /> investigations are now closed attributing the events to an accident.<ref name=":0" /> This event, in addition to Mexico's 1994 economic crisis, resulted in the loss of Guadalajara's industrial power.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |url=https://megaconstrucciones.net/en.php |title=Megaconstrucciones |access-date=21 January 2022|archive-date=21 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220121222501/https://megaconstrucciones.net/en.php |url-status=live }}</ref>

{{multiple image
| align             = right
| direction         = vertical
| width             = 260
| image1            = Pano Guadalajara IMG 20210910 182700.jpg
| caption1          = Guadalajara and [[Guadalajara metropolitan area|its metropolitan area]] have grown significantly in the 21st century, surpassing 5 million people in 2018.
| image2            = Guadalajara Av. Las Américas.jpg
| alt2              = Avenue America
| caption2          = Americas Avenue
}}