Editing Goguryeo (section)

===Goguryeo–Wei Wars===
{{Main|Goguryeo–Wei War}}

In the chaos following the fall of the [[Han dynasty]], the former Han commanderies had broken free of control and were ruled by various independent warlords. Surrounded by these commanderies, who were governed by aggressive warlords, Goguryeo moved to improve relations with the newly created dynasty of [[Cao Wei]] in China and sent tribute in 220. In 238, Goguryeo entered into a formal alliance with Wei [[Sima Yi's Liaodong campaign|to destroy the Liaodong commandery]].{{citation needed|date=January 2023}}

When Liaodong was finally conquered by Wei, cooperation between Wei and Goguryeo fell apart and Goguryeo attacked the western edges of Liaodong, which incited a Wei counterattack in 244. Thus, Goguryeo initiated the [[Goguryeo–Wei War]] in 242, trying to cut off Chinese access to its territories in Korea by attempting to take a Chinese fort. However, the Wei state responded by invading and defeated Goguryeo. The capital at Hwando was destroyed by Wei forces in 244.<ref>{{cite book |access-date=9 February 2012 |year=1996 |quote=Wei. In 242, under King Tongch'ŏn, they attacked a Chinese fortress near the mouth of the Yalu in an attempt to cut the land route across Liao, in return for which the Wei invaded them in 244 and sacked Hwando. |url = {{GBurl|id=tKTtAAAAMAAJ|q=244+sacked}} |edition=illustrated |isbn=978-0-7103-0532-9 |publisher=Kegan Paul International|title=A history of Korea |author=Charles Roger Tennant|author-link = Roger Tennant |page=22 }}</ref> It is said that [[Dongcheon of Goguryeo|Dongcheon]], with his army destroyed, fled for a while to the [[Okjeo]] state in the east.<ref>'Gina L. Barnes', "State Formation in Korea", 2001 Curzon Press, p. 23'</ref> Wei invaded again in 259 but was defeated at Yangmaenggok;<ref>{{cite book|last1=Injae|first1=Lee|last2=Miller|first2=Owen|last3=Jinhoon|first3=Park|last4=Hyun-Hae|first4=Yi|title=Korean History in Maps|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-1107098466|page=30|url={{GBurl|id=46OTBQAAQBAJ|p=30}}|access-date=10 October 2016|language=en|date=2014}}</ref> according to the ''[[Samguk sagi]]'', [[Jungcheon of Goguryeo|Jungcheon]] assembled 5,000 elite cavalry and defeated the invading Wei troops, beheading 8,000 enemies.<ref>{{cite book|last=Kim Bu-sik|title=Samguk sagi|volume=17|quote=十二年冬十二月王畋于杜訥之谷魏將尉遲楷名犯長陵諱將兵來伐王簡精騎五千戰於梁貊之谷敗之斬首八千餘級}}</ref>