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== Glycosyltransferases == Before monosaccharide units are incorporated into glycoproteins, polysaccharides, or [[lipid]]s in living organisms, they are typically first "activated" by being joined via a glycosidic bond to the [[phosphate]] group of a [[nucleotide]] such as [[uridine diphosphate]] (UDP), [[guanosine diphosphate]] (GDP), [[thymidine diphosphate]] (TDP), or [[cytidine monophosphate]] (CMP). These activated biochemical intermediates are known as [[nucleotide sugar|sugar nucleotide]]s or sugar donors. Many biosynthetic pathways use mono- or oligosaccharides activated by a diphosphate linkage to lipids, such as [[dolichol]]. These activated donors are then substrates for enzymes known as [[glycosyltransferase]]s, which transfer the sugar unit from the activated donor to an accepting [[nucleophile]] (the acceptor substrate). [[File:Fluorine.Directed.Glycosylation.tif|thumb|187x187px|<ref name="pmid20886497">{{cite journal | vauthors = Bucher C, Gilmour R | title = Fluorine-directed glycosylation | journal = Angewandte Chemie International Edition | volume = 49 | issue = 46 | pages = 8724β8 | date = November 2010 | pmid = 20886497 | doi = 10.1002/anie.201004467 | url = }}</ref>]]
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