Editing Gloucester Cathedral (section)

==Architecture==
===Main building===
The cathedral consists of a [[Norman architecture|Norman]] nave ([[Walter de Lacy (died 1085)|Walter de Lacy]] is buried there), with additions in every style of [[Gothic architecture]]. It is {{convert|420|ft|m}} long, and {{convert|144|ft|m}} wide, with a fine central tower of the 15th century rising to the height of {{convert|225|ft|m|abbr=on}} and topped by four delicate [[pinnacle]]s.

The crypt, nave and chapter house date from the late 11th century. The crypt is one of the four [[apsidal]] cathedral crypts in England, the others being at [[Worcester Cathedral|Worcester]], [[Winchester Cathedral|Winchester]] and [[Canterbury Cathedral|Canterbury]]. The nave was begun in 1089. The church was largely complete by 1100. In the early 12th century, the western towers were added; the south tower collapsed around 1165.

In 1222, a fire damaged the timber roof and several of the monastic buildings. To repair the damage and update the architectural style, an ambitious building campaign was launched, including the revaulting of the nave Early English style (completed 1243); the construction of the central tower (begun 1237); the rebuilding of the collapsed south tower (completed 1246); and the rebuilding of the refectory.{{sfn|Herbert|1988|pp=275-288}}

The south aisle was rebuilt in 1318–29. The most notable monument is the canopied shrine of [[Edward II of England]] who was murdered at nearby [[Berkeley Castle]] in 1327. Pilgrimages to the tomb brought a huge influx of cash enabling the rebuilding and redecorating of the south transept (1329–37), the north transept (1368–73), and the choir (1350–77). The Norman choir walls are sheathed in Perpendicular tracery. The multiplication of ribs, liernes and bosses in the choir vaulting is particularly rich.

The late Decorated Great East window is partly filled with surviving medieval [[stained glass]]. When completed in 1350, it was the largest window in existence.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://gloucestercathedral.org.uk/cathedral/heritage/architecture|title=Our heritage - Great East Windwo|publisher=Gloucester Cathedral|access-date=23 December 2022}}</ref>  One window  is said to depict the earliest images of the game of [[golf]]. This dates from 1350, over 300 years earlier than the earliest image of golf from Scotland.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.foreteevideo.co.uk/Gloucester.html|title= The first Golf record?|access-date= 16 January 2009|work= A Royal and Ancient Golf History video|publisher= Fore Tee Video|url-status= dead|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20090122154704/http://www.foreteevideo.co.uk/Gloucester.html|archive-date= 22 January 2009}}</ref> Another image, carved on a [[misericord]], shows people playing a ball game, which has been suggested as one of the earliest images of [[medieval football]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=40 Unusual Laws in History |last=Flight |first=Tim |website=History Collection|date=14 November 2019 |url= https://historycollection.com/40-unusual-laws-in-history/18/}}</ref>

Between the apsidal chapels is a cross [[Lady chapel]], and north of the nave are the [[cloister]]s, the carrels or stalls for the monks' study and writing lying to the south. In a side-chapel is a monument in coloured [[bog oak]] of [[Robert Curthose]], eldest son of [[William the Conqueror]] and a great benefactor of the abbey, who was interred there. Monuments of [[William Warburton]] (Bishop of Gloucester) and [[Edward Jenner]] (physician) are also worthy of note. The coronation of [[Henry III of England|Henry III]] is commemorated in a stained-glass window in the south aisle.{{sfn|Welander|1991|p=?}}

Between 1873 and 1890, and in 1897, the cathedral was extensively [[Victorian restoration|restored]] by [[George Gilbert Scott]]. The cathedral has forty-six 14th-century misericords and twelve 19th-century replacements by Gilbert Scott. Both types have a wide range of subject matter: mythology, everyday occurrences, religious symbolism and folklore.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Misericords and history of Gloucester Cathedral |url=http://www.misericords.co.uk/gloucester.html |publisher=Misericords |access-date=3 May 2021 |archive-date=9 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201109005209/http://www.misericords.co.uk/gloucester.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

<gallery widths="180px" heights="180px">
Gloucester Cathedral High Altar, Gloucestershire, UK - Diliff.jpg|The Quire with the Great East Window behind - in 1350, when installed, it was the largest window in the world
Gloucester Cathedral - Stained window 6.jpg|The West Window
Cathedral Church of St Peter and the Holy and Indivisible Trinity, Ceiling in the Choir Gloucester 1245952 20230819 0288.jpg|The Quire's vaulted ceiling
Gloucester Cathedral (Holy Trinity) (15170320445).jpg|The vaulted ceiling of the Nave
Cathedral Church of St Peter and the Holy and Indivisible Trinity, Nave from the East Gloucester 1245952 20230819 0320.jpg|The Nave from the east
Gloucester Cathedral Choir 2, Gloucestershire, UK - Diliff.jpg|Facing west towards the choir, with the organ above
</gallery>

===Cloisters and cathedral precincts===
The cloisters at Gloucester are the earliest surviving [[fan vault]]s in England, having been designed between 1351 and 1377 by Thomas de Cantebrugge.{{sfn|Harvey|1978|p=?}}{{efn|Thomas of Catebrugge (of Canterbury) also undertook work at [[Hereford Cathedral]].{{sfn|Pevsner|Metcalf|2005|p=130}}}} David Verey and Alan Brooks, in the 2002 revised volume, ''Gloucestershire 2: The Vale and the Forest of Dean'', in the [[Pevsner Architectural Guides|Pevsner Buildings of England]] series, call them "the most memorable in England".{{sfn|Verey|Brooks|2002a|p=425}} The cathedral itself suggests that they form "the first and best example of fan vaulting in the world".<ref name=Cloister/>{{efn|Gloucester Cathedral also has a Little [[Cloister]], extending from the northeast corner of the Great Cloisters.<ref name=Cloister/>}}

The cloisters stand to the north of the cathedral and, along with the cathedral precincts to the north and east, contain a number of listed buildings. The Great Cloister itself is listed at Grade I,<ref>{{NHLE|num=1245954|desc=Cloister and lavatorium|grade=I|access-date=22 December 2022}}</ref> as are the Little Cloister<ref>{{NHLE|num=1271578|desc=Little Cloister|grade=I|access-date=22 December 2022}}</ref> and Little Cloister House,<ref>{{NHLE|num=1271579|desc=Little Cloister House|grade=I|access-date=22 December 2022}}</ref> the remains of a [[reservoir]] in the north-west corner of the Great Cloister<ref>{{NHLE|num=1245955|desc=Remains of reservoir, NW corner of cloister|grade=I|access-date=22 December 2022}}</ref> and a passage from the cloister to the former [[Hospital|Infirmary]],<ref>{{NHLE|num=1271582|desc=Passage from the Cloister to the Infirmary|grade=I|access-date=22 December 2022}}</ref> the remains of the infirmary itself,<ref>{{NHLE|num=1271583|desc=Remains of Monastic Infirmary|grade=I|access-date=22 December 2022}}</ref> and the north Precinct Wall.<ref>{{NHLE|num=1271580|desc=North Precinct Wall|grade=I|access-date=22 December 2022}}</ref>

The other major structures within the precincts are the [[Chapter house]] and the [[Church treasure|Treasury]] and [[library]]. They date initially from the 11th century, although they have undergone major reconstruction in subsequent centuries. Both are Grade I listed buildings. The treasury adjoins the main cathedral on its northern side, with the library above it, and the chapter house adjoins the treasury.<ref>{{NHLE|num=1245956|desc=Cathedral Treasury, Vestry and Library|grade=I|access-date=16 March 2023}}</ref><ref>{{NHLE|num=1245953|desc=Cathedral Chapter House|grade=I|access-date=23 December 2022}}</ref>

Other structures in the precincts now form part of [[King's School, Gloucester]] including: the remains of the Abbott's lodgings<ref>{{NHLE|num=1245960|desc=Remains of Abbott's Lodgings|grade=II*|access-date=22 December 2022}}</ref> and Dulverton House,<ref>{{NHLE|num=1245957|desc=Dulverton House|grade=II*|access-date=22 December 2022}}</ref> both listed at Grade II*, and the gymnasium,<ref>{{NHLE|num=1245961|desc=King's School Gymnasium|grade=II|access-date=22 December 2022}}</ref> Dulverton House Coachhouse,<ref>{{NHLE|num=1245958|desc=Former Coachhouse at Dulverton House|grade=II|access-date=22 December 2022}}</ref> Wardle House,<ref>{{NHLE|num=1271584|desc=Wardle House|grade=II|access-date=22 December 2022}}</ref> Palace Cottage<ref>{{NHLE|num=1271581|desc=Palace Cottage|grade=I|access-date=22 December 2022}}</ref> and a set of railings surrounding a playground,<ref>{{NHLE|num=1271576|desc=Railings to school playground on north side of gymnasium|grade=II|access-date=22 December 2022}}</ref> all of which are listed at Grade II.

<gallery widths="180px" heights="180px">
The Cloisters at Gloucester Cathedral.jpg|The Great [[Cloister]]
Cloister, Gloucester Cathedral 2.jpg|Another view
Gloucester Cathedral Cloister, Gloucestershire, UK - Diliff.jpg|Another view
Great Cloister, Gloucester cathedral (15864346494).jpg|Fan vaulting
Gloucester Cathedral 20190210 144152 (47623274951).jpg|Exterior
</gallery>

===College Green and Miller's Green===
{{multiple image|caption_align=centre|perrow=3|total_width=450px|align=right|header=Plaques at the gates to the cathedral close
 | image1 = Plaque at St Michael's gate at Gloucester Cathedral.jpg
 | alt1 =
 | caption1 = Plaque at St Michael's Gate
 | image2 = King Edward's gate at Gloucester Cathedral.jpg
 | alt2 =
 | caption2 = Plaque at King Edward's Gate  
 | image3 = Abbot's lodge plaque at Gloucester Cathedral.jpg
 | alt3 =
 | caption3 = Plaque at the Abbott's lodge
}}
College Green lies to the south and west of the cathedral, forming its [[cathedral close]].{{sfn|Verey|Brooks|2002a|p=435}} It was originally the site of a series of monastic graveyards, but was largely rebuilt in the 18th century when many of the buildings were converted to domestic use.{{sfn|Verey|Brooks|2002a|p=435}}

Miller's Green forms a close to the north of the cathedral and was originally the monastic service court. Both Miller's Green and College Green contain a large number of [[listed building]]s. College Green is entered through St Michael's Gate, which dates from the 14th century and is listed at Grade I.<ref>{{NHLE|num=1245905|desc=St Michael's Gate, College Green|grade=I|access-date=22 December 2022}}</ref> No.s 1,<ref>{{NHLE|num=1271593|desc=1, College Green|grade=II|access-date=22 December 2022}}</ref> 2,<ref>{{NHLE|num=1271594|desc=2, College Green|grade=II|access-date=22 December 2022}}</ref> 3,<ref>{{NHLE|num=1271595|desc=3, College Green|grade=II|access-date=22 December 2022}}</ref> and 4<ref>{{NHLE|num=1271596|desc=4, College Green|grade=II|access-date=22 December 2022}}</ref> are listed Grade II and stand between St Michael's Gate and King Edward's Gate, which dates from the 16th century, was subject to a major restoration in the 19th century and is listed at II*.<ref>{{NHLE|num=1245909|desc=King Edward's Gate, College Green|grade=II*|access-date=22 December 2022}}</ref> No.s 6,<ref>{{NHLE|num=1271597|desc=6, College Green|grade=II|access-date=22 December 2022}}</ref> 7,<ref>{{NHLE|num=1271598|desc=7, 7A, 7B, 7C, College Green|grade=II|access-date=22 December 2022}}</ref> and 8 conclude the south-western edge of the green and are all listed at Grade II.<ref>{{NHLE|num=1271599|desc=8, 8A, College Green|grade=II|access-date=22 December 2022}}</ref>

No.9 College Green begins the western range of the close and is listed Grade II*.<ref>{{NHLE|num=1271600|desc=9, College Green|grade=II*|access-date=22 December 2022}}</ref> The western range includes No.s 10,<ref>{{NHLE|num=1271601|desc=10, College Green|grade=II|access-date=22 December 2022}}</ref> 11,<ref>{{NHLE|num=1271602|desc=11, College Green|grade=II|access-date=22 December 2022}}</ref> 12, Beaufort House,<ref>{{NHLE|num=1271603|desc=Beaufort House, 12 College Green|grade=II|access-date=22 December 2022}}</ref> and 13,<ref>{{NHLE|num=1245895|desc=13, College Green|grade=II|access-date=22 December 2022}}</ref> all of which are listed at Grade II, and concludes with No. 14, which is listed Grade II*.<ref>{{NHLE|num=1245896|desc=14, College Green|grade=II*|access-date=22 December 2022}}</ref>

The close is broken by St Mary's Gateway, a [[scheduled monument]].<ref>{{NHLE|num=1002120|desc=St Mary's Gateway|grade=SM|access-date=22 December 2022}}</ref> The War Memorial to the [[Royal Gloucestershire Hussars]] Yeomanry, a Grade II* listed structure, stands in the centre of College Green.<ref>{{NHLE|num=1245906|desc=War Memorial to the Royal Gloucestershire Hussars Yeomanry|grade=II*|access-date=22 December 2022}}</ref> The northern side of College Green concludes with No. 15, Community House, which is Grade II listed,<ref>{{NHLE|num=1245898|desc=Community House, 15 College Green|grade=II|access-date=22 December 2022}}</ref> and Church House, which was originally the Abbot's Lodge and is now utilised as offices and a restaurant and is listed at Grade I.<ref>{{NHLE|num=1245900|desc=Church House, 16 College Green|grade=I|access-date=22 December 2022}}</ref> On the south-eastern edge of the Green, No.s 17,<ref>{{NHLE|num=1245901|desc=17, College Green|grade=II|access-date=22 December 2022}}</ref> 18<ref>{{NHLE|num=1245902|desc=18, College Green|grade=II|access-date=22 December 2022}}</ref> and 19<ref>{{NHLE|num=1245903|desc=19, College Green|grade=II|access-date=22 December 2022}}</ref> are listed at Grade II, while [[20 College Green]] is Grade II*.<ref>{{NHLE|num=1245904|desc=20, College Green|grade=II*|access-date=22 December 2022}}</ref>

Miller's Green is entered through the Inner Gateway, between Community House and No. 7, Miller's Green. The gateway dates from the 14th century and formed the [[gatehouse]] to the monastic service court. It is a Grade I listed building,<ref>{{NHLE|num=1245899|desc=Inner Gate|grade=I|access-date=22 December 2022}}</ref> while No. 7 is listed at Grade II.<ref>{{NHLE|num=1271719|desc=7, Miler's Green|grade=II|access-date=22 December 2022}}</ref> Other buildings on Miller's Green include the [[Deanery]], listed at Grade II*,<ref>{{NHLE|num=1271712|desc=The Deanery, 1 Miller's Green|grade=II*|access-date=22 December 2022}}</ref> the Old Mill House, No. 2 Miller's Green, listed at Grade II,<ref>{{NHLE|num=1271713|desc=The Old Mill House, 2 Miller's Green|grade=II|access-date=22 December 2022}}</ref> and No.s 3,<ref>{{NHLE|num=1271714|desc=3, Miller's Green|grade=II|access-date=22 December 2022}}</ref> 4A,<ref>{{NHLE|num=1271715|desc=4A, Miller's Green|grade=II|access-date=22 December 2022}}</ref> 4B,<ref>{{NHLE|num=1271716|desc=4B, Miller's Green|grade=II|access-date=22 December 2022}}</ref> 5<ref>{{NHLE|num=1271717|desc=5, Miller's Green|grade=II|access-date=22 December 2022}}</ref> and 6,<ref>{{NHLE|num=1271718|desc=6, Miller's Green|grade=II|access-date=22 December 2022}}</ref> all listed at Grade II.

<gallery widths="180px" heights="180px">
9 College Green, Gloucester.jpg|No. 9, College Green
14 College Green, Gloucester.jpg|No. 14, College Green
20 College Green, Gloucester.JPG|[[20 College Green|No. 20, College Green]]
War memorial on College Green at Gloucester Cathedral - geograph.org.uk - 3017337.jpg|The war memorial on College Green 
The Deanery, Gloucester-geograph.org.uk-4143651.jpg|The Deanery, No. 1, Miller's Green
</gallery>