Editing Glasgow (section)

===Population growth===
[[File:Gezicht in Glasgow The Clyde from Sailors Home (titel op object), RP-F-F01864.jpg|thumb|left|Glasgow in 1864 during the height of its population surge]]

With the population growing, the first scheme to provide a public water supply was by the Glasgow Company in 1806. A second company was formed in 1812, and the two merged in 1838, but there was some dissatisfaction with the quality of the water supplied.{{sfn |Binnie |1981 |p=190}} The Gorbals Gravitation Water Company began supplying water to residents living to the south of the River Clyde in 1846, obtained from reservoirs, which gave 75,000 people a constant water supply,{{sfn |Binnie |1981 |p=190}} but others were not so fortunate, and some 4,000 died in an outbreak of [[cholera]] in 1848/1849.<ref name=timeline>{{cite web |url=http://www.engineering-timelines.com/scripts/engineeringItem.asp?id=1244 |title=Loch Katrine and aqueducts |publisher=Engineering Timelines |access-date=27 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180825110358/http://www.engineering-timelines.com/scripts/engineeringItem.asp?id=1244 |archive-date=25 August 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref> This led to the development of the [[Glasgow Corporation Water Works]], with a project to raise the level of [[Loch Katrine]] and to convey clean water by gravity along a {{cvt|26|mi|km|adj=on}} aqueduct to a holding reservoir at Milngavie, and then by pipes into the city.{{sfn |Binnie |1981 |pp=191–192}} The project cost £980,000<ref name=timeline/> and was opened by [[Queen Victoria]] in 1859.{{sfn |Cross-Rudkin |Chrimes |2008 |p=62}}
In the early 19th century an eighth of the people lived in single-room accommodation.<ref>Schama, S. 2009 ''A History of Britain The Fate of the Empire. 1776–2000.''p.337 {{ISBN|978-0786868995}}</ref>

The engineer for the project was [[John Frederick Bateman]], while James Morris Gale became the resident engineer for the city section of the project, and subsequently became Engineer in Chief for Glasgow Water Commissioners. He oversaw several improvements during his tenure, including a second aqueduct and further raising of water levels in Loch Katrine.{{sfn |Cross-Rudkin |Chrimes |2008 |p=325}} Additional supplies were provided by Loch Arklet in 1902, by impounding the water and creating a tunnel to allow water to flow into Loch Katrine. A similar scheme to create a reservoir in [[Glen Finglas]] was authorised in 1903, but was deferred, and was not completed until 1965.<ref name=timeline/> Following the [[2002 Glasgow floods]], the waterborne parasite [[cryptosporidium]] was found in the reservoir at Milngavie, and so the new [[Milngavie water treatment works]] was built. It was opened by [[Elizabeth II|Queen Elizabeth]] in 2007, and won the 2007 Utility Industry Achievement Award, having been completed ahead of its time schedule and for £10 million below its budgeted cost.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.waterbriefing.org/home/company-news/item/614-queen-opens-milngavie-water-treatment-works-in-scotland |title=Queen opens Milngavie water treatment works in Scotland |publisher=Water Briefing |date=8 August 2008}}</ref>

Good health requires both clean water and effective removal of sewage. The [[Caledonian Railway]] rebuilt many of the sewers, as part of a deal to allow them to tunnel under the city, and sewage treatment works were opened at Dalmarnoch in 1894, Dalmuir in 1904 and Shieldhall in 1910. The works experimented to find better ways to treat sewage, and a number of experimental filters were constructed, until a full activated sludge plant was built between 1962 and 1968 at a cost of £4 million.<ref name=timeline2>{{cite web |url=http://www.engineering-timelines.com/scripts/engineeringItem.asp?id=1250 |title=Dalmarnock Sewage Treatment Works |publisher=Engineering Timelines |access-date=27 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180826005118/http://www.engineering-timelines.com/scripts/engineeringItem.asp?id=1250 |archive-date=26 August 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref> Treated sludge was dumped at sea, and Glasgow Corporation owned six sludge ships between 1904 and 1998,<ref name=shieldhall>{{cite web |url=https://www.ss-shieldhall.co.uk/Glasgow_fleet |title=History of the Glasgow Sludge Fleet |access-date=27 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180825212533/https://www.ss-shieldhall.co.uk/Glasgow_fleet |archive-date=25 August 2018 |url-status=dead}}</ref> when the EU [[Urban Waste Water Treatment Directive]] ended the practice.{{sfn |Lobina |Terhorst |2005 |p=30}} The sewerage infrastructure was improved significantly in 2017, with the completion of a tunnel {{cvt|3.1|mi|km}} long, which provides {{cvt|20|e6impgal|Ml|sigfig=1}} of storm water storage. It will reduce the risk of flooding and the likelihood that sewage will overflow into the Clyde during storms.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-scotland-glasgow-west-44998611 |title=Shieldhall Tunnel now operational as Scotland's biggest sewer |publisher=BBC |date=30 July 2018 |access-date=27 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180826214644/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-scotland-glasgow-west-44998611 |archive-date=26 August 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref> Since 2002, clean water provision and sewerage have been the responsibility of [[Scottish Water]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.scottishwater.co.uk/old-education/all-about-water/history-of-water |title=The History of Water |publisher=Scottish Water |access-date=27 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180829120846/http://www.scottishwater.co.uk/old-education/all-about-water/history-of-water |archive-date=29 August 2018 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

[[File:Members of the water committee of the Glasgow Corporation Water Works for a tunnel to Loch Katrine (cropped).png|thumb|right|Members of the water committee of the [[Milngavie water treatment works|Glasgow Corporation Water Works]] (1876)]]

Glasgow's population had surpassed that of Edinburgh by 1821. The development of civic institutions included the [[City of Glasgow Police]] in 1800, one of the first municipal [[police]] forces in the world. Despite the crisis caused by the [[City of Glasgow Bank]]'s collapse in 1878, growth continued and by the end of the 19th century it was one of the cities known as the "Second City of the Empire" and was producing more than half Britain's tonnage of shipping<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.theglasgowstory.com/storyd.php |title=Second City of The Empire: 1830s to 1914 |publisher=The Glasgow Story |year=2004 |access-date=9 July 2008 |first=W. Hamish |last=Fraser |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080517131153/http://www.theglasgowstory.com/storyd.php |archive-date=17 May 2008 |url-status=dead}}</ref> and a quarter of all locomotives in the world.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.theglasgowstory.com/storyd.php |title=Industrial decline&nbsp;– the 20th Century |publisher=Glasgow City Council |date=28 March 2007 |access-date=9 July 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080517131153/http://www.theglasgowstory.com/storyd.php |archive-date=17 May 2008 |url-status=dead}}</ref> In addition to its pre-eminence in shipbuilding, engineering, industrial machinery, bridge building, chemicals, explosives, coal and oil industries it developed as a major centre in textiles, garment-making, carpet manufacturing, leather processing, furniture-making, pottery, food and drink, cigarette making, printing and publishing. Shipping, banking, insurance and professional services expanded at the same time.<ref name="ReferenceA"/>

Glasgow became one of the first cities in Europe to reach a population of one million. The city's new trades and sciences attracted new residents from across the [[Lowlands of Scotland|Lowlands]] and the [[Highlands of Scotland]], from [[Ireland]] and other parts of Britain and from [[Continental Europe]].<ref name="ReferenceA"/> During this period, the construction of many of the city's greatest architectural masterpieces and most ambitious civil engineering projects, such as the [[Milngavie water treatment works]], [[Glasgow Subway]], [[Glasgow Corporation Tramways]], [[Glasgow City Chambers|City Chambers]], [[Mitchell Library]] and [[Kelvingrove Art Gallery and Museum]] were being funded by its wealth. The city also held a series of [[List of world's fairs|International Exhibitions]] at [[Kelvingrove Park]], in [[International Exhibition of Science, Art and Industry|1888]], [[Glasgow International Exhibition (1901)|1901]] and [[Scottish Exhibition of National History, Art and Industry|1911]], with Britain's last major International Exhibition, the [[Empire Exhibition, Scotland 1938|Empire Exhibition]], being subsequently held in 1938 at [[Bellahouston Park]], which drew 13 million visitors.<ref>Glasgow's Great Exhibitions by Perilla Kinchin and others, published 1988</ref>