Editing Germanic weak verb (section)

====Class I, subclass (iii)====
A large class of verbs had the suffix '''-j-''' in the present and '''-i-''' in the past, for example, Gothic {{lang|got-Latn|'''satjan'''}} "to set" (Old English {{lang|ang|settan}}) and '''sandjan''' "to send" (Old English {{lang|ang|sendan}}).  As shown in the Old English cognates:
*The '''-j-''' produced [[Germanic umlaut|umlaut]] of the stem vowel in languages other than Gothic.
*The '''-j-''' caused [[West Germanic gemination]] in the West Germanic languages in short-stem verbs ending in a consonant other than '''-r'''.
*The '''-j-''' resulted in [[Palatalization (sound change)|palatalization]] of preceding [[velar consonant]]s in Old English.
*The '''-j-''' remained in Gothic and [[Old Saxon]], but disappeared in the other languages: In long-stem verbs in Old Norse, and in all verbs except those in '''-r''' in the remaining West Germanic languages. (In [[Old High German]], it deflected '''*-jan''' into '''*-jen''' before disappearing, leaving the suffix '''-en'''. This phenomenon, which resembles the usual umlaut of '''a''' in syllables ''preceding'' '''j''', is nevertheless distinct and must have happened later, as the missing '''j''' also caused umlaut.)

This class was split into two subclasses in all the Old Germanic languages, one consisting of short-stem verbs and one of long-stem verbs.  The distinction between the two was originally due to [[Sievers' Law]], and was extended due to changes such as [[West Germanic gemination]], which affected short-stem but not long-stem verbs.  The West Germanic languages had a third subclass consisting of short-stem verbs ending in '''-r''' (e.g., Old English {{lang|ang|erian}} "to plow," {{lang|ang|nerian}} "to save," {{lang|ang|styrian}} "to stir"), due to [[West Germanic gemination]] and subsequent loss of '''-j-''' not taking place.

The following is a cross-language paradigm of a short-stem Class I verb {{lang|gem-x-proto|'''*gramjaną'''}} "to anger" (Gothic {{lang|got-Latn|'''gramjan'''}}, Old Norse {{lang|non|'''gremja'''}}, [[Old High German]] {{lang|goh|'''gremmen'''}}, [[Old Saxon]] {{lang|osx|'''*gremmian'''}}, Old English {{lang|ang|gremman}}, [[Old Frisian]] {{lang|ofs|'''*gremma'''}}).  Note that the Old Saxon and Old Frisian verbs given here are unattested, almost certainly due to the small nature of the respective corpora.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!colspan=2|
! Gothic
! Old Norse
! Old High German
! Old Saxon
! Old English
! Old Frisian
|-
!colspan=2| Infinitive
|{{lang|got-Latn|gramjan}}
|{{lang|non|gremja}}
| {{lang|goh|gremmen}}
| {{lang|osx|gremmian}}
| {{lang|ang|gremman}}
| {{lang|ofs|gremma}}
|-
!rowspan=8| Pres.
! {{gcl|1SG}}
|{{lang|got-Latn|gramja}}
|{{lang|non|grem}}
| {{lang|goh|gremmu}}
| {{lang|osx|gremmiu}}
| {{lang|ang|gremme}}
| {{lang|ofs|gremme}}
|-
! {{gcl|2SG}}
|{{lang|got-Latn|gramjis}}
| rowspan="2" |{{lang|non|gremr}}
| {{lang|goh|gremis(t)}}
| {{lang|osx|gremis}}
| {{lang|ang|gremes(t)}}
| {{lang|ofs|gremest}}
|-
! {{gcl|3SG}}
|{{lang|got-Latn|gramjiþ}}
| {{lang|goh|gremit}}
| {{lang|osx|gremid}}
| gremeþ
| {{lang|ang|gremeth}}
|-
! {{gcl|1DU}}
|{{lang|got-Latn|gramjōs}}
| colspan="5" rowspan="2" {{n/a}}
|-
! {{gcl|2DU}}
|{{lang|got-Latn|gramjats}}
|-
! {{gcl|1PL}}
|{{lang|got-Latn|gramjam}}
| {{lang|non|gremjum}}
| {{lang|goh|gremmemēs (-ēn)}}
| rowspan="3" | {{lang|osx|gremmiad}}
| rowspan="3" | {{lang|ang|gremmaþ}}
| rowspan="3" | {{lang|ofs|gremmath}}
|-
! {{gcl|2PL}}
|{{lang|got-Latn|gramjiþ}}
|{{lang|non|gremið}}
| {{lang|goh|gremmet}}
|-
! {{gcl|3PL}}
|{{lang|got-Latn|gramjand}}
| rowspan="2" |{{lang|non|gremja}}
| {{lang|goh|gremment}}
|-
!rowspan=8| Pres. subj.
! {{gcl|1SG}}
|{{lang|got-Latn|gramjáu}}
| rowspan="2" |{{lang|goh|gremme}}
| rowspan="2" | {{lang|osx|gremmia (-{{nat|i|e}})}}
| colspan="2" rowspan="3" | {{lang|ang|gremme}}
|-
! {{gcl|3SG}}
|{{lang|got-Latn|gramjái}}
|{{lang|non|gremi}}
|-
! {{gcl|2SG}}
|{{lang|got-Latn|gramjáis}}
|{{lang|non|gremir}}
| {{lang|goh|gremmēs(t)}}
| {{lang|osx|gremmias (-ies)}}
|-
! {{gcl|1DU}}
|{{lang|got-Latn|gramjáiwa}}
| colspan="5" rowspan="2" {{n/a}}
|-
! {{gcl|2DU}}
|{{lang|got-Latn|gramjáits}}
|-
! {{gcl|1PL}}
|{{lang|got-Latn|gramjáima}}
|{{lang|non|gremim}}
| {{lang|goh|gremmēm (-ēn, -ēmēs)}}
| rowspan="3" | {{lang|osx|gremmian}}
| colspan="2" rowspan="3" | {{lang|ang|gremmen}}
|-
! {{gcl|2PL}}
|{{lang|got-Latn|gramjáiþ}}
|{{lang|non|gremið}}
| {{lang|goh|gremmēt}}
|-
! {{gcl|3PL}}
|{{lang|got-Latn|gramjáina}}
|{{lang|non|gremi}}
| {{lang|goh|gremmēn}}
|-
!rowspan=8| Past
! {{gcl|1SG}}
|{{lang|got-Latn|gramida}}
|{{lang|non|gramda}}
| rowspan="2" | {{lang|goh|gremita}}
| rowspan="2" | {{lang|osx|gremida}}
| colspan="2" rowspan="2" | {{lang|ang|gremede}}
|-
! {{gcl|3SG}}
|{{lang|got-Latn|gramida}}
|{{lang|non|gramdi}}
|-
! {{gcl|2SG}}
|{{lang|got-Latn|gramidēs}}
|{{lang|non|gramdir}}
| {{lang|goh|gremitōs(t)}}
| {{lang|osx|gremidōs}}
| {{lang|ang|gremedes(t)}}
| {{lang|ofs|gremedest}}
|-
! {{gcl|1DU}}
|{{lang|got-Latn|gramidēdu}}
| colspan="5" rowspan="2" {{n/a}}
|-
! {{gcl|2DU}}
|{{lang|got-Latn|gramidēduts}}
|-
! {{gcl|1PL}}
|{{lang|got-Latn|gramidēdum}}
| {{lang|non|grǫmdum}}
| {{lang|goh|gremitum (-un, -umēs)}}
| rowspan="3" | {{lang|osx|gremidun}}
| colspan="2" rowspan="3" | {{lang|ang|gremedon}}
|-
! {{gcl|2PL}}
|{{lang|got-Latn|gramidēduþ}}
| {{lang|non|grǫmduð}}
| {{lang|goh|gremitut}}
|-
! {{gcl|3PL}}
|{{lang|got-Latn|gramidēdun}}
| {{lang|non|grǫmdu}}
| {{lang|goh|gremitun}}
|-
!rowspan=8| Past subj.
! {{gcl|1SG}}
|{{lang|got-Latn|gramidēdjáu}}
|{{lang|non|gremda}}
| rowspan="2" | {{lang|goh|gremiti (-ī)}}
| rowspan="2" | {{lang|osx|gremidi}}
| colspan="2" rowspan="3" | {{lang|ang|gremede}}
|-
! {{gcl|3SG}}
|{{lang|got-Latn|gramidēdi}}
|{{lang|non|gremdi}}
|-
! {{gcl|2SG}}
|{{lang|got-Latn|gramidēdeis}}
|{{lang|non|gremdir}}
| {{lang|goh|gremitīs(t)}}
| {{lang|osx|gremidīs}}
|-
! {{gcl|1DU}}
|{{lang|got-Latn|gramidēdeiwa}}
| colspan="5" rowspan="2" {{n/a}}
|-
! {{gcl|2DU}}
|{{lang|got-Latn|gramidēdeits}}
|-
! {{gcl|1PL}}
|{{lang|got-Latn|gramidēdeima}}
|{{lang|non|gremdim}}
| {{lang|goh|gremitīm (-īn, -īmēs)}}
| rowspan="3" | {{lang|osx|gremidīn}}
| colspan="2" rowspan="3" | {{lang|ang|gremeden}}
|-
! {{gcl|2PL}}
|{{lang|got-Latn|gramidēdeiþ}}
|{{lang|non|gremdið}}
| {{lang|goh|gremitīt}}
|-
! {{gcl|3PL}}
|{{lang|got-Latn|gramidēdeina}}
|{{lang|non|gremdi}}
| {{lang|goh|gremitīn}}
|-
!rowspan=6| Imper.
! {{gcl|2SG}}
|{{lang|got-Latn|gramei}}
|{{lang|non|grem}}
| colspan="2" | {{lang|goh|gremi}}
| colspan="2" | {{lang|ang|greme}}
|-
! {{gcl|3SG}}
|{{lang|got-Latn|gramjadáu}}
| colspan="5" rowspan="2" {{n/a}}
|-
! {{gcl|2DU}}
|{{lang|got-Latn|gramjats}}
|-
! {{gcl|1PL}}
|{{lang|got-Latn|gramjam}}
| {{lang|non|gremjum}}
| {{lang|goh|gremmemēs (-ēn)}}
| colspan="3" {{n/a}}
|-
! {{gcl|2PL}}
|{{lang|got-Latn|gramjiþ}}
|{{lang|non|gremið}}
| {{lang|goh|gremmet}}
| {{lang|osx|gremmiad}}
| {{lang|ang|gremmaþ}}
| {{lang|ofs|gremmath}}
|-
! {{gcl|3PL}}
|{{lang|got-Latn|gramjandáu}}
| colspan="5" {{n/a}}
|-
!colspan=2| Pres. participle
|{{lang|got-Latn|gramjands}}
|{{lang|non|gremjandi}}
| {{lang|goh|gremmenti}}
| {{lang|osx|gremmiand}}
| {{lang|ang|gremmende}}
| {{lang|ofs|gremmand}}
|-
!colspan=2| Past participle
|{{lang|got-Latn|gramiþs}}
|{{lang|non|*gramiðr}}
| {{lang|goh|gigremit}}
| {{lang|osx|gremid}}
| colspan="2" | {{lang|ang|gremed}}
|}

The following is a cross-language paradigm of a long-stem Class I verb {{lang|gem-x-proto|'''*hauzijaną'''}} "to hear" (Gothic {{lang|got-Latn|'''hausjan'''}}, Old Norse {{lang|non|'''heyra'''}}, Old High German {{lang|goh|'''hōren'''}}, Old Saxon {{lang|osx|'''hōrian'''}}, Old English {{lang|ang|'''hīeran'''}}, Old Frisian {{lang|ofs|'''hēra'''}})

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!colspan=2|
! Gothic
! Old Norse
! Old High German
! Old Saxon
! Old English
! Old Frisian
|-
!colspan=2| Infinitive
|{{lang|got-Latn|hausjan}}
|{{lang|non|heyra}}
| {{lang|goh|hōren}}
| {{lang|osx|hōrian}}
| {{lang|ang|hīeran}}
| hēra
|-
!rowspan=8| Pres.
! {{gcl|1SG}}
|{{lang|got-Latn|hausja}}
|{{lang|non|heyri}}
| {{lang|goh|hōru}}
| {{lang|osx|hōriu}}
| {{lang|ang|hīere}}
| {{lang|ofs|hēre}}
|-
! {{gcl|2SG}}
|{{lang|got-Latn|hauseis}}
| rowspan="2" |{{lang|non|heyrir}}
| {{lang|goh|hōris(t)}}
| {{lang|osx|hōris}}
| {{lang|ang|hīer(e)s(t)}}
| {{lang|ofs|hēr(i)st}}
|-
! {{gcl|3SG}}
|{{lang|got-Latn|hauseiþ}}
| {{lang|goh|hōrit}}
| {{lang|osx|hōrid}}
| {{lang|ang|hīer(e)þ}}
| {{lang|ofs|hēr(i)th}}
|-
! {{gcl|1DU}}
|{{lang|got-Latn|hausjōs}}
| colspan="5" rowspan="2" {{n/a}}
|-
! {{gcl|2DU}}
|{{lang|got-Latn|hausjats}}
|-
! {{gcl|1PL}}
|{{lang|got-Latn|hausjam}}
| {{lang|non|heyrum}}
| {{lang|goh|hōremēs (-ēn)}}
| rowspan="3" | {{lang|osx|hōriad}}
| rowspan="3" | {{lang|ang|hīeraþ}}
| rowspan="3" | {{lang|ofs|hērath}}
|-
! {{gcl|2PL}}
|{{lang|got-Latn|hauseiþ}}
|{{lang|non|heyrið}}
| {{lang|goh|hōret}}
|-
! {{gcl|3PL}}
|{{lang|got-Latn|hausjand}}
| rowspan="2" |{{lang|non|heyra}}
| {{lang|goh|hōrent}}
|-
!rowspan=8| Pres. subj.
! {{gcl|1SG}}
|{{lang|got-Latn|hausjáu}}
| rowspan="2" |{{lang|goh|hōre}}
| rowspan="2" | {{lang|osx|hōria (-{{nat|i|e}})}}
| rowspan="3" | {{lang|ang|hīere}}
| rowspan="3" | {{lang|ofs|hēri (-e)}}
|-
! {{gcl|3SG}}
|{{lang|got-Latn|hausjái}}
|{{lang|non|heyri}}
|-
! {{gcl|2SG}}
|{{lang|got-Latn|hausjáis}}
|{{lang|non|heyrir}}
| {{lang|goh|hōrēs(t)}}
| {{lang|osx|hōrias (-ies)}}
|-
! {{gcl|1DU}}
|{{lang|got-Latn|hausjáiwa}}
| colspan="5" rowspan="2" {{n/a}}
|-
! {{gcl|2DU}}
|{{lang|got-Latn|hausjáits}}
|-
! {{gcl|1PL}}
|{{lang|got-Latn|hausjáima}}
|{{lang|non|heyrim}}
| {{lang|goh|hōrēm (-ēn, -ēmēs)}}
| rowspan="3" | {{lang|osx|hōrian}}
| rowspan="3" | {{lang|ang|hīeren}}
| rowspan="3" | {{lang|ofs|hēri (-e)}}
|-
! {{gcl|2PL}}
|{{lang|got-Latn|hausjáiþ}}
|{{lang|non|heyrið}}
|{{lang|goh|hōrēt}}
|-
! {{gcl|3PL}}
|{{lang|got-Latn|hausjáina}}
|{{lang|non|heyri}}
|{{lang|goh|hōrēn}}
|-
!rowspan=8| Past
! {{gcl|1SG}}
|{{lang|got-Latn|hausida}}
|{{lang|non|heyrða}}
| rowspan="2" | {{lang|goh|hōrta}}
| rowspan="2" | {{lang|osx|hōrda}}
| rowspan="2" | {{lang|ang|hīerde}}
| rowspan="2" | {{lang|ofs|hērde}}
|-
! {{gcl|3SG}}
|{{lang|got-Latn|hausida}}
|{{lang|non|heyrði}}
|-
! {{gcl|2SG}}
|{{lang|got-Latn|hausidēs}}
|{{lang|non|heyrðir}}
| {{lang|goh|hōrtōs(t)}}
| {{lang|osx|hōrdōs}}
| {{lang|ang|hiērdes(t)}}
| {{lang|ofs|hērdest}}
|-
! {{gcl|1DU}}
|{{lang|got-Latn|hausidēdu}}
| colspan="5" rowspan="2" {{n/a}}
|-
! {{gcl|2DU}}
|{{lang|got-Latn|hausidēduts}}
|-
! {{gcl|1PL}}
|{{lang|got-Latn|hausidēdum}}
| {{lang|non|heyrðum}}
| {{lang|goh|hōrtum (-un, -umēs)}}
| rowspan="3" | {{lang|osx|hōrdun}}
| rowspan="3" | {{lang|ang|hīerdon}}
| rowspan="3" | {{lang|ofs|hērdon}}
|-
! {{gcl|2PL}}
|{{lang|got-Latn|hausidēduþ}}
| {{lang|non|heyrðuð}}
| {{lang|goh|hōrtut}}
|-
! {{gcl|3PL}}
|{{lang|got-Latn|hausidēdun}}
| {{lang|non|heyrðu}}
| {{lang|goh|hōrtun}}
|-
!rowspan=8| Past subj.
! {{gcl|1SG}}
|{{lang|got-Latn|hausidēdjáu}}
|{{lang|non|heyrða}}
| rowspan="2" | {{lang|goh|hōrti (-ī)}}
| rowspan="2" | {{lang|osx|hōrdi}}
| rowspan="3" | {{lang|ang|hīerde}}
| rowspan="3" | {{lang|ofs|hērde}}
|-
! {{gcl|3SG}}
|{{lang|got-Latn|hausidēdi}}
|{{lang|non|heyrði}}
|-
! {{gcl|2SG}}
|{{lang|got-Latn|hausidēdeis}}
|{{lang|non|heyrðir}}
| {{lang|goh|hōrtīs(t)}}
| {{lang|osx|hōrdīs}}
|-
! {{gcl|1DU}}
|{{lang|got-Latn|hausidēdeiwa}}
| colspan="5" rowspan="2" {{n/a}}
|-
! {{gcl|2DU}}
|{{lang|got-Latn|hausidēdeits}}
|-
! {{gcl|1PL}}
|{{lang|got-Latn|hausidēdeima}}
|{{lang|non|heyrðim}}
| {{lang|goh|hōrtīm (-īn, -īmēs)}}
| rowspan="3" | {{lang|osx|hōrdīn}}
| rowspan="3" | {{lang|ang|hīerden}}
| rowspan="3" | {{lang|ofs|hērde}}
|-
! {{gcl|2PL}}
|{{lang|got-Latn|hausidēdeiþ}}
|{{lang|non|heyrðið}}
| {{lang|goh|hōrtīt}}
|-
! {{gcl|3PL}}
|{{lang|got-Latn|hausidēdeina}}
|{{lang|non|heyrði}}
| {{lang|goh|hōrtīn}}
|-
!rowspan=6| Imper.
! {{gcl|2SG}}
|{{lang|got-Latn|hausei}}
|{{lang|non|heyr}}
| colspan="2" | {{lang|goh|hōri}}
| {{lang|ang|hīer}}
| {{lang|ofs|hēre}}
|-
! {{gcl|3SG}}
|{{lang|got-Latn|hausjadáu}}
| colspan="5" rowspan="2" {{n/a}}
|-
! {{gcl|2DU}}
|{{lang|got-Latn|hausjats}}
|-
! {{gcl|1PL}}
|{{lang|got-Latn|hausjam}}
| {{lang|non|heyrum}}
| {{lang|goh|hōremēs (-ēn)}}
| colspan="3" {{n/a}}
|-
! {{gcl|2PL}}
|{{lang|got-Latn|hauseiþ}}
|{{lang|non|heyrið}}
| {{lang|goh|hōret}}
| {{lang|osx|hōriad}}
| {{lang|ang|hīeraþ}}
| {{lang|ofs|hērath}}
|-
! {{gcl|3PL}}
|{{lang|got-Latn|hausjandáu}}
| colspan="5" {{n/a}}
|-
!colspan=2| Pres. participle
|{{lang|got-Latn|hausjands}}
|{{lang|non|heyrandi}}
| {{lang|goh|hōrenti}}
| {{lang|osx|hōriand}}
| {{lang|ang|hīerende}}
| {{lang|ofs|hērand}}
|-
!colspan=2| Past participle
|{{lang|got-Latn|hausiþs}}
|{{lang|non|heyrðr}}
| {{lang|goh|gihōrit}}
| {{lang|osx|hōrid}}
| {{lang|ang|hīered}}
| {{lang|ofs|hēred}}
|}